Series of very rapid memrane potentials if intense stimulus.
Intensity is encoded in nervous system as frequency.
Axons all generate the same potential
Myelin Shealth
type of electrical insulation.
Mylelination precents ions from leaking out across the plasma membrane
Electrical signals jump down the myelinated axon much faster than they can move down an unmyelinated axon
Hyperpolarization
Refractory period
Repolarization event results in mebrane becoming more negative than the resting potential
Nothing can invoke another action potential until the period is over- usually a few milliseconds
Repolarization
Membrane potential reaches about +40 mV, certain ion channels close and other ion channels in the membrane open. Ions flow outside of the cell rapidly and the charges on the two sides become more different
Threshold potential
The mebrane potential that will trigger an action potential in a neuron or other excitable cell.
Once this point is reached, certain channels in the axon membrane open and ions rush into the axon, following their electrochemical gradients.
Current flow causes further depolarization-inside of membrane becomes less negative and then positive with respect to the outside
Depolarization
initial event in action potential where the membrane becomes less polarized than before (changes on two sides of membrane becomes less different)
Membrane must depolarize from a resting potential of -65 mV to about -55 mV for an action potential to begin.
Action potentials
All or none changes in the membrane graded by electrical signals. An inflow of sodium ions is followed by an outflow of potassium ions.
Voltage
ellectrical potential difference across plasma membrane.
exists due to differences in concentrations od ions on the two dies of the plasma membrane
Brain
a somewhat vague term usually reffering to the anterior enlargement of the CNS, sometimes mistakenly used and refered to as cerebral ganglia
White matter actually integrates the information in the white mylein
Neurophil
a region of the CNS dominated by synapses, usually without axons or cell bodies ( a region of neural intergration)
Nucleus
A cluster of neuron cell bodies located inside the CNS
Ganglion
a cluster of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS
Tract
A collection of axons traveling together inside the CNS
Nerve
a collection of axons traveling together outside the CNS
Efferent Nerve or Neuron (motor neuron)
Conducts informations from the CNS to the body (muscles, glands)
Afferent nerve or neuron (Sensory neuron)
Conducts information from the body (sense organs) to the CNS
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
portion of the nervous system that delivers sensory input from and delivers neural signals to specific regions of the body
Central Nervous System (CNS)
portion of the nervous system that intergrates infromation from throughout the body and cordinates whole organism behavior
Nerve Net
A network of neurons without a central nervous system
Electrical Signals
Motility depends on the ability of animals to conduct impulses throughout the body with electrical
signals (concentration gradients of charged particles)