Chapter 11

Na+ concentration is ____ inside the cell and ____ outside the cell

K+ ions are found in ____ concentration inside the cell compared to _____ concentration outside the cell.

Mg²⁺ is found ____ concentration inside the cell and ___ concentration outside of the cell

Ca²⁺ is found in ____ concentrations inside the cell compared to ____ concentrations outside of the cell

H+ is a cation found in similar concentrations but it is slightly ____ inside the cell and slightly ___ outside the cell

Cl^- concentration is ____ inside the cell and ____ outside the cell

substances pass across the lipid bilayer via ____ ____

The rate that a substance will diffuse across the lipid bilayer is determined by these 2 factors;

Ions are highly ____ when trying to cross the phospholipid bilayer

____ _____ proteins allow polar substances to pass across a membrane. But, these have high _____

A solute that can not pass through a cell membrane enters the cell via ____

Diffusion of a specific solute (usually an _____ ___) diffused through an _____ pore; a channel protein

uncharged substances move down the ____ gradient;
charged substances move down the ________ gradient

_____ transport requires energy input
this transport transports ____ the concentration gradient

Energy input for active transport comes from _____ or an ____ gradient

therefore, transport by channel proteins is always ___ but transport by transporters can be ___ or _____

This type of transport requires no membrane protein and no energy input

In transport models, the concentration of transported molecule is not affected by saturation

In transport proteins, the solute adheres to the ___ ____ of the protein causing a shape change

in____ transport, solutes are transported against the electrochemical gradient. Name 3 ways this can be acheived.

The are _ major classes of ion channel transporters. What are they?

There are _ types of ATP-driven pumps found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic pumps

This type of ATP-driven pump is found in plasma membrane of bacteria, the inner membrane of mitochondra, and thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

these pumps use H+ gradients across these membranes to drive the synthesis of ATP
and are also known as ___ ____

This type of diffusion/transport contains membrane transport proteins called Transporter pumps

This type of diffusion/transport contains membrane transport proteins called Transportera and channels

This type of diffusion/transport is the only one of its type that does NOT reach saturation

In passive transport, a solute binds to the ____ ____ site of the membranous protein to cause a _____ change in the protein mediating the transport

Active transport can be driven by ____. There are 3 major classes of transporters driven by ___.

This pump is an example of secondary active transport; driven by an ion gradient NO ATP is directly required.
This differs from _____ active transport that is driven by ATP hydrolysis (eg Na ⁺ or K⁺ pump)

this is a _____ pump

ion gradients are established by _____ <-- ATP hydrolysis
there are _ major classes of ATP-driven pumps
- all _ major classes are found in ____prokaryotic/eukaryotic cells

A __ type ion pump phosphorylates themselves during the pumping cycle

this kind of pump is found in the __ ___ of bacteria and inner membrane of mitochondria as well as the ____ membrane of chloroplasts. This type of pump is also called ATP synthases.
This kind of pump is called a ___ pump.

V-type ATPases (V from vacuole) are structurally related to ____ pumps except the v-pump works in the _____ direction

___ transporters are they largest family of membrane transport proteins. Unlike the other three classes of pumps, these transporters also pump ____ across the membrane.

one important example of a pump is a P-type pump called the ____

Binding of Na+ triggers ________________ while binding of K+ triggers ________

The Na+ - K+ pump helps the ___ ___ ____ in animal cells and regulates ____ ____ (affects movements water via osmosis through lipid bilayer and aquaporins)

In a ____ environment the cell crenates (shrinks). In a ___ environment the cell swells and will even lyse. A normal shaped cell is in a ____ environment.

Ion channels have an _____ pore that permits _____ of ions. They have 2 important characteristics.
1)______ 2)_____

there are >___ types of ion channels


an individual neuron can have >__ types of ion channels

the most common channels are _____. Some are permanently open and they are called ___ _____
They play an important role in the establishment of the ___ ___

membrane potential exists when there is an ___ distribution
of + and - ions on both sides of a membrane . When such distribution occurs the membrane becomes ____

A membrane potential exists due to these 3 things?

neurons are capable of transmitting electrical signals called ____ ____. Ion channels play a critical role in the function of nuerons.

Describe the direction of movement of a nerve impulse as it is triggered throught the nerve

triggering of an action potential is a ____ feedback cycle

In action potential, what step cuases more (additional) influx of Na+ ions

Past resting membrane potential, the cell ____ in voltage and depolarizes. Post depolarization, the cell _____ in voltage and repolarization occurs

an action potential is triggered only only if the depolarization reaches the _____ level. The AP causes depolarization of the neighouring region of the plasma membrane.This in turn triggers ___ of APs along the axon
- i.e., a nerve impulse is transmitted along the axon

the speed of neural transmission on vertebrates is increased by the presense of a ____ _____

Myelin sheaths are present in segments seperated by nodes of Ranvier. In brain and spinal cord these segments are known as _____ while in typical nerve it is called _____ cells. The conduction on the impulse transmission is termed ______ conduction

Some nuerotransmitters are ______ neurotransmitters. They open ___ ____. The resulting influx of Na+ ions causes a ____ _____ of the postsynaptic membrane. Therefore the membrane potential is now closer to the threshold level.
ie. an _____________(EPSP) is briefly genertated
eg. acetylcholine, glutamate & serotonin are usually excitatory neurotransmitters

Seome neurotransmitters are _____ Neurotransmitters. The open __channels or ___ channels. The resulting eflux of ___ ions or influx of ___ ions causes a slight _______ of the postsynatic membrane. Thereofore, the membrane potential is now farhter from the threshold level.
ie. an __________ (IPSP) is briefly generated
ed. GABA and glycine are usually inhibitory nuerotranmitters

5 major types of gated ion channels left are involved when a neuron stimulates contraction of a skeletal muscle cell: