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aDNA
DNA preserved in ancient remains such as archaeological bones, plant remains, mummified tissues, and fossils
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Bio-Molecules
- large and complex molecules with specific biological functions
- -DNA
- -proteins
- -lipids
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inheritance patterns of DNA types
- y-DNA: paternal
- m-DNA: maternal
- chromsomal: mixed
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Stats on human nuclear DNA
3 billion BP which code for 80,000 different proteins
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What was the first successful aDNA experiment?
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1984 The first DNA was extracted, cloned and sequenced
from the dried muscle of a quagga
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By whom and when was the PCR amplification process invented?
Karry Mullis 1985
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How many chromosomes does each human have?
46
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What is the basic unit of DNA structure, and what is it composed of?
Nucleotide: made of sugar, phosphate, and base
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What direction does DNA extend?
- 5'--> 3'
- new base pairs can only attach to sugar end, not phosphate end of base
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What are the nucleotides, and who do they pair with?
- Adenine
- Guanine
- Cytosine
- Thymine
A-T and C-G
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How many hydrogen bonds bind ATand CG (respectively)?
- Two hydrogen bonds bind A and T
- Three hydrogen bonds bind C and G
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What is stronger? Sugar-Phosphate links or Base-Base links?
Sugar-Phosphate
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What is TM?
- TM= temperature of melting and is defined as the temperature at which 50% of DNA molecules are single stranded.
- The longer the sequence fragment, the greater the TM.
- The more G-C base pairs within the fragment, the greater the TM.
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What is the central dogma?
DNA - RNA - Protein
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What is a codon, and what does it code for?
A codon is three base-pairs of DNA and it codes for an amino acid. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
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Why does DNA need to replicate itself?
Growth and maintenance of body and reproduction.
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What is a polymerase?
A DNA polymerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a DNA strand. Polymerase reads an intact DNA strand as template and uses it to synthesize a new strand. It is magnesium.
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what is dNTP?
The raw materials for the DNA sequence that is formed during PCR amplification.
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What is the percentage of coding DNA sequences in humans?
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How big are mitochondrial genomes compared to chloroplast?
- Animal mitochondrial genomes are 16kb.
- Chloroplast genomes are 120-200kb
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What are the differences between mtDNA and nuclear DNA?
- nuclear DNA is linear, while mtDNA is circular.
- Nuclear DNA has two copies per cell, while mtDNA has a thousand.
- Nuclear DNA has mendelian inheritance, recombination, and a high mutation rate.
- mtDNA has maternal inheritance, no recombination, and a higher mutation rate.
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