MedT Ch. 11

largest artery in the body

small artery

largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body ("a"-"away")

specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them

specialized tissue in the wall between the atria

one of two upper chambers of the heart

smallest blood vessel

gas (waste) released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation

blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle

blood that is oxygen-poor

relaxation phase of the heartbeat

record of the electricitowing through the heart; represented by waves or deflections called P, QRS, or T

inner lining of the heart

innermost lining of blood vessels

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve

abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves

muscular, middle later of the heart

heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a resting rate of 60 to 100 beats per minute

gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells

specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat

double-layered membrane surrounding the heart

artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

one of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries

partition or wall dividing a cavity; such as between the right and left atria and right and left ventricles

pacemaker of the heart

instrument to measure blood pressure

flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from teh eheart back to body tissues

contraction phase of the heartbeat

located between the right atrium and right ventricle; it has three leaflets, or cusps

structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in only one direction

thin-walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart

largest vein in the body

one of two lower chamber of the heart

small vein

angi/o

aort/o

arter/o, arteri/o

ather/o

atri/o

brachi/o

cardi/o

cholesterol/o

coron/o

cyan/o

myx/o

ox/o

pericardi/o

phleb/o

rrhythm/o

sphygm/o

steth/o

thromb/o

valvul/o, valv/o

vas/o

vacsul/o

ven/o, ven/i

ventricul/o

abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias)

failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria

very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350+ bpm)

abnormalities in the heart at birth

CHD: narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta

CHD: passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth

small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects)

CHD: congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects

4 defects of tetralogy of Fallot

heart is unable to pump its required amout of blood

disease of the arteries surrounding the heart

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

high blood pressure affecting the heart

improper closure of the mitral valve

extra heart sound, heard between normal beats

inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart

heart disease caused by rheumatic fever

local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall

blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb

high blood pressure

blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs

recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes

abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs

unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack), which are consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries

chest pain reulting from myocardial ischemia

antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensis I to angiotensis II causing blood vessels to dilate; prevents heart attacks, CHF, stroke, and death

listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope

drug used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias; block the action of epinephrine (adrenaline) at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heartbeat and reducing the workload on the heart

device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is pumped out of the heart

abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ

drug used to treat angina and hypertension; dilates blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels

sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action; sudden cardiac death

pressure of the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space

pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest

drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat

clot of other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel

area of dead tissue

drugs used in the treatment of angina; dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and oxygen to myocardial tissue

nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina

closure of a blood vessel due to blockage

uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contrations (PVCs)

open

scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart

small, pinpoint hemorrhages

drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream

vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow (as a blocked artery)

clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on diseased heart valves

measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood

chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack

measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample

lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated and measured in a blood sample

x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material

3D x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using a CT (64-slice CT scanner)

video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels

electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD

sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels

echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart

images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose

technetium Tc 99m sestamibi injected intravenously is taken up in cardiac tissue, where it is detected by scanning

concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart muscle

images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field

thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery

recording of electricity flowing through the heart

an ECG device is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias

exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart's response to physical exertion (stress)

brief delivery of radiofrequency or cryosurgery to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias

arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages

brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation)

surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery

heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired

a donor heart is transferred to a recipient

balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place

drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis