Medical Terminology OFT 140

• protrusion of one or both eyeballs
• - often due to thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball

glucose (sugar) in the urine

shaggy; an excessive growth of hair especially in unusual places

• presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, & acetoacetic acid) in the blood & urine indicating an abnormal utilization of carbohydrates
• - seen in: uncontrolled diabetes, & starvations (keto= alter)

all chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, & other body functions

excessive thirst

excessive urination

• adrenal glands
• collection of signs & smptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone from any cause
• - causes: excessive production by adrenal gland (often due to tumor), side effect from treatment with glucocorticoid (steroid) hormones- prednisone for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or other inflammatory diseases
• - symptoms: upper body obesity, facial puffiness (moon-shaped appearance), hyperglycemia, weakness, thin & easily bruised skin with stria (stretch marks), hypertension & osteoporosis

• adrenal glands
• - excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen (male sex hormone) in adult women owing to tumor or hyperplasia
• - evidenced by: amenorrhea (absence of menstration), acne, hirsutism, & deepening of the voice
• - (virilis= masculine)

• pancreas
• - metabolic disorder caused by an abnormal utilization of insulin secreted by the pancreas
• - evidenced by: hyperglycemia, & glucosuria
• - 2 types: type 1, & type 2
• - (diabetes= passing through; mellitus= sugar)

• secreted by: beta cells of Islet of Langerhans in the pancreas
• - responsible for: regulating the metabolism of glucose
• - (insulin= island)

• pancreas
• - diabetes in which there is no beta cell production of insulin
• - patient dependent on insulin for survival

• pancreas
• - diabetes in which the body produces insulin, but not enough, or there is insulin resistance (a defective use of the insulin that is produced)
• - patient usually not dependent on insulin for survial

• pancreas
• - condition that results in an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream
• - signs: hypoglycemia, fainting, & convulsions
• - cause: often by an overdose of insulin, or by a tumor of the pancreas

• hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands
• - cause: usually a tumor

hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands

• considered the "master gland" because it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands
• - regulates the: thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, & testicles

• pituitary gland
• disease characterized by large features, especially in the face & hands
• - cause: hypersecretion of the pituitary hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped
• - usually due to pituitary tumor

• pituitary gland
• condition of abnormal increase in urine output
• - most commonly caused by: inadequate secretion of pituitary antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
• - symptoms: polyuria, polydypsia, colorless urine (due to the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine)
• - (insipid= without taste)

• pituitary gland
• condition of genital hyposecretion of growth hormone slowing growth & causing a short yet proportionate stature (not affecting intelligence)
• - often treated during childhood with growth hormone

• pituitary gland
• condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones
• - most often caused by: pituitary tumor

• thyroid gland
• - enlargement of the thyroid gland
• - causes: tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation
• - (goiter= throat)

• thyroid gland
• - condition of hypersectretion of the thyroid gland
• - characterized by: exophthalmia, tachycardia, goiter, & tumor

• thyroid gland
• - condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood
• - results: sluggishness, slow pulse, & obesity
• - 2 types: myxedema, cretinism

• thyroid gland
• - advanced hypothyroidism in adults
• - characterized by: sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands & face, & and dry skin

• thyroid gland
• - condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children
• - cause: thyroid gland that is either congenitally absent, or imperfectly developed
• - effect: lack of mental development, & dwarfed physical stature

• laboratory testing
• - measurement of the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood

• laboratory testing
• - measurement of blood sugar level after a fast of 12 hours

• laboratory testing
• - measurement of blood sugar level after a meal, commonly after 2 hours

• laboratory testing
• - measurement of a body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, then measuring blood & urine for glucose levels every hour thereafter- usually 4 to 6 hours

• laboratory testing
• - molecule (fraction) in hemoglobin that rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar
• - common blood test
• - used in: diagnosis & treatment of diabetes
• - also called: glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA_1c)

• laboratory testing
• - measurement of the level of specific ions (sodium, potassium, CO₂, & chloride) in the blood
• - electrolyte balance is essential for normal metabolism

• laboratory testing
• - measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine efficiency of glandular secretions
• - includes: T₃, T₄, & TSH

• laboratory testing
• - chemical tests to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in the urine
• - used as a screed for diabetes

• imaging procedure
• - CT of the head is used to obtain a transverse view of the pituitary gland

• imaging procedure
• - nonionizing images of magnetic resonance are useful in identifying abnormalities of pituitary, adrenal, pancreas, & thyroid glands

• imaging procedure
• - use: to identify endocrine pathology (ie, thyroid ultrasound)

• imaging procedure
• - nuclear image involving scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously ingested isotopes
• - use: to detect thyroid nodules or tumors