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Exophthalmos, Exphthalmus
- protrusion of one or both eyeballs
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often due to thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball
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Glucosuria, Glycosuria
glucose (sugar) in the urine
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Hirsutism
shaggy; an excessive growth of hair especially in unusual places
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Ketosis, Ketoacidosis, Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
- presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, & acetoacetic acid) in the blood & urine indicating an abnormal utilization of carbohydrates
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seen in: uncontrolled diabetes, & starvations (keto= alter)
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Metabolism
all chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, & other body functions
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polydipsia
excessive thirst
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Polyuria
excessive urination
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Cushing Syndrome
- adrenal glands
- collection of signs & smptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone from any cause
- - causes: excessive production by adrenal gland (often due to tumor), side effect from treatment with glucocorticoid (steroid) hormones- prednisone for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or other inflammatory diseases
- - symptoms: upper body obesity, facial puffiness (moon-shaped appearance), hyperglycemia, weakness, thin & easily bruised skin with stria (stretch marks), hypertension & osteoporosis
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Adrenal Virilism
- adrenal glands
- - excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen (male sex hormone) in adult women owing to tumor or hyperplasia
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evidenced by: amenorrhea (absence of menstration), acne, hirsutism, & deepening of the voice- (virilis= masculine)
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Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- pancreas
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metabolic disorder caused by an abnormal utilization of insulin secreted by the pancreas - evidenced by: hyperglycemia, & glucosuria - 2 types: type 1, & type 2 - - (diabetes= passing through; mellitus= sugar)
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Insulin
- secreted by: beta cells of Islet of Langerhans in the pancreas
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responsible for: regulating the metabolism of glucose- (insulin= island)
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Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- pancreas
- - diabetes in which there is no beta cell production of insulin
- - patient dependent on insulin for survival
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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- pancreas
- - diabetes in which the body produces insulin, but not enough, or there is insulin resistance (a defective use of the insulin that is produced)
- - patient usually not dependent on insulin for survial
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Hyperinsulinism
- pancreas
- - condition that results in an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream
- - signs: hypoglycemia, fainting, & convulsions
- - cause: often by an overdose of insulin, or by a tumor of the pancreas
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Hyperparathyroidism
- hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands
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cause: usually a tumor
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Hypoparathyroidism
hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands
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Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
- considered the "master gland" because it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands
- - regulates the: thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, & testicles
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Acromegaly
- pituitary gland
- disease characterized by large features, especially in the face & hands
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cause: hypersecretion of the pituitary hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped - - usually due to pituitary tumor
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Diabetes Insipidus
- pituitary gland
- condition of abnormal increase in urine output
- - most commonly caused by: inadequate secretion of pituitary antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
- - symptoms: polyuria, polydypsia, colorless urine (due to the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine)
- - (insipid= without taste)
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Pituitary Dwarfism
- pituitary gland
- condition of genital hyposecretion of growth hormone slowing growth & causing a short yet proportionate stature (not affecting intelligence)
- - often treated during childhood with growth hormone
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Pituitary Gigantism
- pituitary gland
- condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones
- - most often caused by: pituitary tumor
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Goiter
- thyroid gland
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enlargement of the thyroid gland - causes: tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation- (goiter= throat)
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Hyperthyroidism
(Graves Disease, Thyrotoxicosis)
- thyroid gland
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condition of hypersectretion of the thyroid gland - characterized by: exophthalmia, tachycardia, goiter, & tumor
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Hypothyroidism
- thyroid gland
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condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood - - results: sluggishness, slow pulse, & obesity
- - 2 types: myxedema, cretinism
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Myxedema
- thyroid gland
- - advanced
hypothyroidism in adults - - characterized by: sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands & face, & and dry skin
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Cretinism
- thyroid gland
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condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children - cause: thyroid gland that is either congenitally absent, or imperfectly developed - - effect: lack of mental development, & dwarfed physical stature
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Blood Sugar (BS), Blood Glucose
- laboratory testing
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measurement of the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood
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Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)
- laboratory testing
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measurement of blood sugar level after a fast of 12 hours
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Postprandial Blood Sugar (PPBS)
- laboratory testing
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measurement of blood sugar level after a meal, commonly after 2 hours
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Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)
- laboratory testing
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measurement of a body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, then measuring blood & urine for glucose levels every hour thereafter- usually 4 to 6 hours
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Glycohemoglobin
- laboratory testing
- - molecule (fraction) in hemoglobin
that rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar - - common blood test
- - used in: diagnosis & treatment of diabetes
- - also called: glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
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Electrolytes
- laboratory testing
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measurement of the level of specific ions (sodium, potassium, CO2, & chloride) in the blood - - electrolyte balance is essential for normal metabolism
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Thyroid Function Study
- laboratory testing
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measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine efficiency of glandular secretions- -
includes: T3, T4, & TSH
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Urine Sugar & Ketone Studies
- laboratory testing
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chemical tests to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in the urine- used as a screed for diabetes
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Computed Tomography (CT)
- imaging procedure
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CT of the head is used to obtain a transverse view of the pituitary gland
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- imaging procedure
- - nonionizing
images of magnetic resonance are useful in identifying abnormalities of pituitary, adrenal, pancreas, & thyroid glands
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Sonography
- imaging procedure
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use: to identify endocrine pathology (ie, thyroid ultrasound)
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Thyroid Uptake & Image
- imaging procedure
- - nuclear image
involving scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously ingested isotopes - - use: to detect thyroid nodules or tumors
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