diabetes mellitus biochemistry.txt

• Risk = 100-125
• Diabetic level = >126

• Risk = 140-199
• diabetic = >200

• Risk = ≥6% but <6.5%
• Diabetic = ≥6.5%

• 1) increased glycogenolysis
• 2) increased liver and kidney gluconeogenesis
• 3) decreased Glut-4 activity = less glucose uptake in muscle and adipose

• increased lipolysis = more fatty acids converted into VLDL
• less LPL b/c of less insulin = more VLDL in circulation

• Increased FA from lipolysis
• elevated B-oxidation = more Acetyl CoA
• Acetyl CoA shunted to Ketogenesis
• Dehydration + ketone bodies = ketoacidosis

• Sometimes glucagon levels drop after administration
• This can lead to too much insulin which leads to HYPOGLYCEMIA

• 1) insulin resistance
• 2) slow B-cell death

Obesity

• 1) Hyperglycemia
• 2) HyperTAG

Still produce levels of insulin to induce anti-lipolysis so there is less B-oxidation and less Acetyl CoA to enter Ketogenesis

The blood becomes so Hyperglycemic that it becomes viscous and leads to cerebral dehydration

• 1) over-stimulated macrophage activity
• 2) neuropathy/nephropathy b/c of easy oxidation
• 3) infection b/c glycation = hard immune response

• Increased glucose coming in contact with Aldose Reductase = Sorbitol
• Sorbitol goes in to the eye and causes cataracts b/c of the extra profusion of water and the shifting of crystalline structures.