what are the 5 steps of the dental hygiene process of care?
Assessment
DH Diagnosis
DH care planning
Implementation
Evaluation
what are three things you must think about when considering cultural considerations?
culture and health
communication
what are the parts of communication for cultural considerations?
nonverbal
language
sensitivity
family decision making
act of self determination by persons with the ability to make a choice or decision. It exists for both the dental hygienist and the patient.
autonomy
doing good for the benefit or enhanced welfare
beneficence
avoidance of harm to others, core value
nonmaleficence
a duty to tell the truth when information is disclosed to patients about treatment
veracity
measures carried out so that disease does not occur and is truly prevented (give an example)
primary prevention-fluoride
what is primary prevention?
measures carried out so that disease does not occur and is truly prevented (fluoride)
treatment of early disease to prevent further progress of potentially irreversible conditions that if not arrested can lead to extensive rehabilitative treatment of loss of teeth. (give of an example)
secondary prevention
removal of calculus and biofilm
what are the four vital signs?
temperature
pulse
respiration
blood pressure
what is the average temperature for an adult under 70?
98.6
what is it called when a person has a lower than normal body temperature and what is the temperature?
hypothermia
below 96 degrees
what is a abnormal elevation of body temp? what is the temp?
Pyrexia
over 99.5
what time of day is your temperature increased?
afternoon and evening
what are some causes for increased temperature?
exercise
hot drinks
smoking
external heat
what time of day is your body temperature decreased?
during sleep and early morning
what are some causes for a decreased body temp?
starvation
hemorrhage
shock
what is the normal pulse rate range?
60-100 beats per minute
what is an unusually fast heartbeat (over 100bpm)
tachycardia
what is a tachycardia and what are some causes?
unusually fast heartbeat (over 100bpm)
exercise, stimulants, eating, strong emotions, extreme heat and cold
what is an unusually slow heartbeat (below 50)
bradycardia
what is a bradycardia and what are some causes?
unusually slow heartbeat (below 50)
sleep, depressants, fasting, quiet emotions
what are the five sites for taking a pulse?
radial
carotid
brachial
temporal
facial
where do you take a pulse during CPR?
carotid
where do you take the pulse on an infant?
brachial
what is the normal respiration?
14-20 breaths per minute
for the blood pressure what is the lowest pressure?
diastolic
what is the heart doing during diastole
ventricular relaxation
what is the normal number for diastolic?
<80mmHg
for blood pressure what is the highest pressure?
systolic
what is the heart doing during systole
ventricular contraction
what is the normal number of systole
<120mmHg
what is the device used to measure BP?
sphygomomanometer
what is the hypertensive point?
140/90 or greater
what is an auscultation gap?
disappearing of korotkoff sound but returning again before stopping at diastolic
what is a series of sounds that are heard as the pressure in the sphygomomanometer cuff is released during the measurement of arterial blood pressure?
korotkoff sounds
what is the hollow or depression in the underside of the arm at the bend of the elbow, used as a reference point for cuff and arm position?
anticubital space
what factors cause an increase in blood pressure?
exercise
eating
stimulants
emotional disturbance
emergencies
stress
what is the main objective of an EO/IO exam?
detect cancer early
what is data obtained by observation and interaction with patient
subjective data
what kind of data is the chief complaint, perception of health and the care and value placed on health?
subjective data
what is the data obtained by physical and oral assessments (give examples)
objective data
records, radiographs, probe depths, loss of periodontal attachment, caries, lesions and defective restorations
what are three advantages to having a routine order to your examinations?
professional
won't miss anything
time efficient
what is a red area of variable size and shape, reaction to irritation, radiation or injury?
erythema
what four things do you record about a lesion?
size and shape
color
surface texture
consistancy
what are the things to note about size and shape of a lesion?
length and width in mm
height
Use the probe
what are common colors for lesion
red
pink
white and red
what are less common colors for a lesion?
blue
purple
grey
yellow
black
brown
what are two ways to describe the surface texture?
smooth
irregular
what are five things you can note about consistency?
soft
spongy
resilient
hard
indurated
what are five warning signs of oral cancer?
white areas
red areas
ulcers
masses
pigmentation
what does a white area look like?
filmy, fissure, ulcers, indurated
what is a white patch or plaque that cannot be scraped off?
leukoplakia
what does a red area look like?
velvety, small ulcers
what is a red patch or plaque?
erythroplakia
what are some characteristics of an ulcer?
flat or raised margins
indurated when palpated
t/f masses can occur below the mucosa and are found with palpation
true
what is the pigmentation for early cancer?
brown or black where not normally seen
what kind of palpation is it when a single finger is used?
digital
what kind of palpation is it when a finger and thumb of the same hand are used?
bidigital
what kind of palpation is it when a finger or fingers and thumb of each hand are applied simultaneously?
bimanual
what kind of palpation is it when two hands are used at the same time to examine corresponding structures on opposite sides of the body?
bilateral
how many lymph nodes in the whole body?
400-700
how many lymph nodes in the neck?
170-200
listening for sounds produced within the body, may be performed directly or with a stethoscope
auscultation
what is an elevated lesion containing fluid and usually soft and translucent?
blisterform
what are three types of blisterforms?
vesicle
pustules
bulla
what is an elevated lesion that is solid and contains no fluid?
nonblisterform
what are four types of nonblisterform lesions?
papules
nodules
tumors
plaques
what is a lesion on the same level as oral mucosa or skin?
flat lesion
t/f a type of flat lesion is a macule. A macule can be single or multiple.
both true
what kind of lesion is below the level of the skin or oral mucosa?
depressed lesion
what are two examples of depressed lesions?
ulcers
erosion
t/f ulcers and erosion can have raised or flat borders?
true
lesion limited to a small focal area
localized
a lesion that involves most of an area or segment
generalized
t/f a neoplasm can occur anywhere in the oral cavity
true
what are four common sites for neoplasms and where is it the most common?
lateral of tongue-most common
floor of mouth
lower lip
soft palate
where do you check the pulse rate during life support?
carotid
where do you check the pulse rate of an infant during life support?
brachial
how do you establish an open airway?
tilt head or jaw thrust
if there is neck or spine injury how do you open the airway?
jaw thrust, do not move head
what are the 7 signs and symptoms of hypoglycemic?
sudden onset
skin moist, cold and pale
confused, nervous, anxious
bounding pulse
salivation
normal to shallow breaths
convulsions (late)
what is the procedure for a conscious patient with hypoglycemic
give oral administration of sugar
observe for 1 hour
determine last meal
for a patient who becomes hypoglycemic when is a good time for their appointment?
after a meal
what is the procedure for an unconscious patient that is hypoglycemic?
basic life support
position in supine
maintain airway
give oxygen
monitor vital signs
administer intramuscular glucagon or intravenous glucose
what are the two types of airway obstruction?
mild and servere
what are the signs of a mild airway obstruction?
coughing
wheezing
can talk
what are the signs of a severe airway obstruction?
noisy breathing
weak ineffective cough
gasping
can't speak breath or cough
cyanoisis (blue)
dialated pupils
when is oxygen not administered?
emphysema
hyperventalation
when a patient is not breathing what kind of oxygen do you give them?
positive pressure oxygen
what are the five classes of a lab report for a lesion?
Class I
Class II
Class III
Class IV
Class V
what is a class I lesion?
normal
what is a class II lesion?
atypical but not suggestive of malignant cells
what is a class is it if the lab report is uncertain (possible for cancer)
class III
what class of a lab report is it if it reads probable for cancer?
class IV
what class is it if the lab report reads positive for cancer?
class V
when do you refer for a biopsy of a lesion based on lab report?
report of a class IV or V
what class do you reevaluate clinical findings?
report for class III
what do you do with a lesion that has a class I or II report?
patient dismissed when lesion is healed
if lesion persists, DDS reevaluates and may request repeat of smear or biopsy
what must happen with a negative lesion report?
follow-up on lesion at subsequent appts
false negative possible
t/f with a negative report for a lesion malignancy may still exist
