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punctuation rule for connecting ideas using a coordinating word
comma comes before coordinating word if both clauses are independent
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coordinating word and, not only...but...also, both...and
addition
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coordinating word but, yet
concession or contrast
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coordinating word or, nor, either, neither
alternatives, choice, or option
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coordinating word for
cause or reason
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coordinating word so
result
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coordinating word but
comparison or contrast
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subordinating words/phrases although, though, while, even though, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that
concession or contrast
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subordinating words/phrases because, since, as, in that
cause or reason
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subordinating words/phrases so that, such that
result
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subordinating words/phrases so that, in order that, (in order) to*
purpose
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subordinating words/phrases if, even if, unless, provided that, as long as, when(ever), wherever
condition
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subordinating words/phrases when, after, before, until, till, as, while, since, once, now that, whenever, as soon as, by the time that
time or sequence
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subordinating words/phrases where, wherever
place
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subordinating words/phrases whereas, if
comparison or contrast
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transition words/phrases in addition, furthermore, moreover, also, besides
addition
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transition words/phrases however, nevertheless, on the other hand, still, in contrast, instead, on the contrary
concession or contrast
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transition words/phrases alternatively, on the other hand
alternatives, choice, or option
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transition words/phrases therefore, consequently, thus, for that reason
cause or reason
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transition words/phrases as a result, therefore, thus, consequently, for this reason
result
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transition words/phrases otherwise
condition
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transition words/phrases then, first, second, third, finally, next, afterwards, after that, before that, meanwhile, at first, eventually
time or sequence
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transition words/phrases similarly, likewise, in contrast
comparison or contrast
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transition words/phrases in other words, that is
restatement
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transition words/phrases for example, for instance, in general, overall, in conclusion
example, generalization, or conclusion
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punctuation rule for connecting ideas with subordinating word
If the subordinate clause comes first, it is always followed by a comma. If the main clause comes first, no comma needed.
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punctuation rule for connecting ideas using transition words
semicolon or period at the end of the first sentence, or place word at the beginning of second and place comma after transition
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parallel structure
- matching grammatical structures jioned by coordinating words
- elements are equal
- beginnning=end
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types of parallel structures
- verb phrases
- infinitives
- -ing words
- nouns/noun phrases
- adjectives
- adverbs
- subordinate clauses (that & who)
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verb phrases
same type of tense
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infinitives
verbs with "to" in front
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-ing words
both sides have to be equal
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nouns/noun phrases
both sides has to be equal
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