ch 5 ap psych

the actual transformation of some physical energy (light) into a nerve impulse for example in the cells of the retina

minimum amount of stimulus that can be detected on 50% of the trials

a candle flame on a dark night at 30 miles

the ticking of a watch at 20 ft under quiet conditions

one dro of perfume in a three bedroom apartment

one teaspoon of sugar in two gallons of water

just noticeable difference amount of increase needed to be detected on 50% of the trials

a bees wing dropped onto the cheek from 1 cm

• the increase necessary to reach just noticable difference is a constant proportion % of original stimulus if 50 to 55 is jnd
• then 100- 110 then jnd is 10%

stimuli considered inimportant are ignored after a period of time ex ticking clock

your ability to sense a stimulus depends on both the strength of stimulus and your readiness to perceive it expecting a phone call more likely to hear it

see in dim light and black and white

see in bright light and colors

connection point of optic nerve that allows the brain to fill in the picture from memory

the first set of grouped cells from the eyes

the second set of grouped together cells from the eyes

during light adaptation pupils constrict rods shut down and cones activate rapidly (30 seconds)

pupil dialates (30- 60 seconds) cones function for about ten minutes until rods activate (very slowly about 45 minutes)

three types of cones red green and blue mix to form every color. but it couldnt explain negative afterimaging

three types of receptors(might be in bipolor, ganglial, or thalamus) in three pairs

a sex linked trait (23rd pair)mostely in men and usually red from green

height in feild, relative size, motion paralax, texture gradient, lens accomodation, linear perspective, interposition, juxtaposition

higher is farther away

smaller is farther away

slower is farther away

closer object partialy blocks farther object

retinal disperity, convergence

the image cast on right is slightly differennt than one one left, the more different the two images are from each other the closer the object is

the eyes slightly cross when looking at close objects, the more they cross the closer the object is

the brain is not fooled when the image on the retina changes. size constancy, brightness constancy

shadows are not perceived as discoloration

the brain tends to see wholeness in objects before parts

we tend to finish incomplete figures, connect the dots

things that are close to each other seem to go together

one object is seen clearly and in better detail and all other things blend into a common background

a mishappen room that causes optical illusions and shows that nurture causes us to believe the room is square level and plumb

voluntary or involuntary or persuit

moving of the eyes every few seconds to prevent sensory adaptation

normal voluntary movement of eyes to gather info ex reading

following a trajectory of a movng object ex volleyball

height of a sound wave. perceived as volume and measured in hz

the number of cycles per second. perceived as pitch, measured in hz. human hearing is 20- 20000 hz

quality of the sound, do notes fit together

place theory and frequency theory

low notes stimulate cilia at distal end of basilar membrane, high notes proimal end

all notes cause the entire membrane to vibrate, high notes causes many vibrations per second and low notes fewer vibrations

the ability we have to know the direction rom which a sound is coming via sound shadow and speed of sound

slightly louder in the closer ear

conduction deafness and nerve deafness

hearing loss due to problems in outer or middle ear. hearing aids help

caused by damage to cilia or auditory nerves hearing aids dont really help

heads position relative to gravity and linear motion

give info about spinning

atomic weight and shape of molecules

your awareness of the position of your limbs relative to your trunk by afferant nerves in joints ligaments muscles and tendons

pain, pressure, warm, cold

pain can be blocked by closing the gate in the spinal cord