A&P UNIT 5 ENDOCRINE

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS- ANTERIOR LOBE MADE OF GLANDULAR TISSUE.

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS- POSTERIOR LOBE MADE OF NEURAL TISSUE

TROPIC HORMONES

THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

TRH, AND CRH

• 1. GROWTH HORMONE (GH)
• 2. THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
• 3. ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
• 4. FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)
• 5.LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)
• 6.PROLACTIN (PRL)

• VASOPRESSIN AKA ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
• AND OXYTOCIN

CALCITONIN

CALCIUM REGULATING HORMONE, HELPS REGUALTE BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS. IT IS RELEASED IN RESPONSE TO HIGH BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS. SO IT DECREASES BLOOD CALCIUM

AFFECTS THE KINDEYS AND BLOOD VESSELS LEADS TO REABSORPTION OF WATER IN THE KIDNEYS THUS HELPS BODY RETAIN FLUID AND CONTROL BP.

HORMONE THST CAUSED CONTRACTIONS OF THE UTERUS DURING CHILDBIRTH AND CAUSES MILK EJECTION

FORM THE OUTTER WALL OF TH THYROID


SECRETE THE THYROID HORMONES

COLLOID AND HOLDS 2-3MONTH SUPPLY OF THYROID HORMONES

A HUGE MASS OR INLARGMENT OF THE FOLLIICLE CELLS CAUSED BY HIGH LEVELS OF TSH

• IT IS CAUSED DUE TO LOW IODINE,WITHOUT IODINE THYROID HORMONES CANT BE PRODUCED.
• IT SLOWS METABOLIC RATE AND O2 CONSUMPTION PT'S BECOME BRADY. BRITTLE NAILS DRY SKIN THINNING HAIR. KIDS SLOW BONE GROWTH SHORT FOR AGE

• CAUSED BY HYPERSECRETION OF THYROID HORMONES.
• ELEVATED O2 ANS MEATABLOLIC HEAT PRODUCTION, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, WIGHT LOSS IRRITABILITY INSOMNIA, TACHY.

FORM OF HYPERTHYROIDISM CAUSING A GOITER.TRH AND TSH PRODUCTION ARE BLOCKED. QACCOMPANIED BY EXOTHALMUS( BULGING OF THE EYES FROM THE EMLARGMENT OF MUSCLES AND TISSUES OF THE SOCKETS)

CLUSTER OF SMALL GLANDS ON THE POSTERIOR OF THE THYROID GLAND. SECRETES PTH

SECRETED IN RESPONSE TO A DROP IN CALCIUM LEVELS. ITS ACTS TO RAISE THOSE LEVELS. IN KIDNEYS CAUSES A REABSORPTION OF CALCIUM.

COMPOSED OF MODIFIED SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA THAT SECRETE CATECHOLAMINES

CONTRIBUTES TO THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE. VERY RAPID RESPONSE.

FROMS THE OUTER 3/4 OF THE ADRENAL GLAND. IT SECRETES STEROID HORMONES ALDOSTERONE, GLUCOCORTICOIDS LIKE CORTISOL. AND SEX HORMONES LIKE ANDROGENS

ALL NUCLEATED CELLS IN THE BODY HAVE RECEPTORS IN THEIR CYTOPLASM FOR THIS HORMONE IT HAS WIDE RANGING EFECTS ON THE BODY AND IS ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE

• 1. HYPOTHALAMUS SECRETES CRH INTO HYPOTHALAMUS-HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM.
• 2. CRH STIMULATES THE RELEASE ACTH FROM THE ANTERIOR PIT.
• 3.ACTH ACTS ON THE ADRENAL CORTEX TO PROMOTE SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE OF CORTISOL
• 4.CORTISOL ACTS ASA NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SIGNAL TO INHIBIT ACTH AND CRH SECRETION

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM- PEAKS IN THE MORNING/ DIMINISHES IN THE NIGHT.

STRESS INCREASES SECRETION.

• 1. INVOLVED IN THE MEDIATION OF LONG TERM STRESS ON THE BODY.
• 2.CORTISOL ID REQUIRED FOR SOME OTHER HORMONES TO BE EFFECTIVE.
• 3. CORTISOL IS A CATABOLIC (BREAKDOWN)
• 4. PROTECTION AGAINST HYPOGLYCEMIA. METABOLIC EFFECTS OFCORTISOL ARE AIMES AT PREVENTING HYPOGLYCEMIA
• 5.IT SUPRESS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.
• 6.INFLUENCES BRAIN FUNCTION, BOTH DEFIENCY AND EXCESS CAUSES MOOD CHANGE AND ALTERATION OF MEMORY.

• 1. ITS BOTH AN ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE GLAND
• 2. THE EXOCRINE PART PRODUCES DIGESTIVE ENZYMES.
• 3.THE ISLETS OFLANGERHANS COMPRISE THE ENDOCRINE PART.

INSULIN AND GLUCAGON

PRODUCED BET CELLS STIMULATES THE UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE IN TO THE CELLS OF THE BODY THEREBY LOWERING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS.

PRODUCED B THE ALPHA CELLS STIMULATES BREAKDOWN OF GLYCOGEN BY THE LIVER AND SYNTHESIS OF GLUCOSE THEREBY RAISING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS. IT IS SECRETED BETWEEN MEALS WHEN BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS HAVE DROPPED.

RESULTS FROM EITHER HYPOSECRETION OR HYPERSECRETION OF INSULIN. WHEN INSULIN IS ABSENT OR DEFIECENT BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS REMAIN HIGH AFTER A MEAL BECAUSE GLUCOSE IS UNABLE TO ENTER MOST TISSUE CELLS.

THEY SECRETE ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE.

• ESTROGEN IS IMPORTANT FOR EGG DEVELOPMENT INSIDE THE OVARIAN FOLLICLES AND HAS EFFECTS THROUGH TH BODY.
• PROGESTERONE IS IMPORTANT AFTER OVULATION FOR MAINTAINING THE INTEGRITY OF THE UTERNE LINING AND DURING PREGNANCY.

SECRETE THE MALE STEROID HORMONE TESTOSTERONE. IT AIDES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GAMETES AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROLS LIBIDO.

ITS LOCATED IN THE DIENCEPHALON OF THE BRAIN, PRODUCES AMINE HORMONE MELATONIN IN RESPONSE TO DARKNESS.

HELPS TO MAINTAIN PROPER CIRCADIN RYTHMS (SLEEP WAKE CYCLE). HELPS CONTROL THE BODYS BIOLOGICAL CLOCK ITS A POWERFUL ANTIOXIDANT PROVIDING PROTECTION AGAINST FREE RADICALS.

• LOCATED JUST ANTERIOR TO THE AORTA.
• ITS LARGE AT BIRTH AND INCREASES IN SIZE UNTIL PUBERTY THEN DECREASES IN SIZE UNTIL BEING ALMOST UNOTICIBLE IN ADULTS.
• IT SECRETES PEPTIDE HORMONES THYMOSIN AND THYMOPOIETIN. THEY BOTH PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF T CELLS AND NORMAL FUNCTIONING OF IMMUNITY

THE MUSCLE SECRETE ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE THAT REDUCES BLOOD VOL. BLOOD. PRESSURE AND BLOOD SODIUM CONCENTRATION BY SIGNALING THE KIDNEYS TO INCREASE PRODUCTION OF SALTY URINE AND INHIBITING RELEASE OF ALDOSTERONE.

SEVERAL PEPTIDE HORMONES ARE RELEASED THAT HELP REGUALTE A WIDE VARIETY OF DIGESTIVE FUNCTIONS

IT SECRETES SEVERL STEROID AND PROTEIN HORMONES THAT INFLUENCE THE COURSE OF PREGNANCY.

THEY SECRRETE ERYTHROPOIETIN IN RESPONSE TO LOW O2 LEVELS IN KIDNEY TISSUES. IT SIGNALS THE BONE MARROW TO INCREASE PRODUCTION OF RBC'S.

IT ALSO SECRETES RENIN WHICH INITATES THE RENIN -ANGIOTENSIN MECHANISM