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Gymnosperm Reproductive Cycle Step # 1
- Sporophyte is the tree
- Develops male and female cones
- Male is small, holds pollen, eventually disintigrates
- Female is the typical pine cone, @ base is a cluster of cells forming eggs
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Gymnosperm Reproductive Cycle step #2
Pollen is released, carried by wind, and lands on a green female cone.
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Gymnosperm Reproductive Cycle Step #3
Pollen germinates and grows a pollen tube down the base of the cone
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Gymnosperm Reproductive Cycle Step #4
Sperm are released, travel down the tube and fertilize the egg
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Gymnosperm Reproductive Cycle Step #5
Ovule develops into seed
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Gymnosperm Reproductive Cycle Step # 6
Cone matures and pops open, releasing the seeds
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Conifers
- Gymnosperms
- 600 Species
- Pine, Fir, Cypress, Spruce
- Evergreen - Photosynthesize all year, therefore grow all year
- Long, think leaves with a thick cuticle
- Have an antifreeze-like solution in their sap, causes pine tree smell
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Gymnosperms
- Seed plants
- Adapted to cold, dry habitats
- Have naked seeds - no flowers
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Seed Plant Adaptations
- Pollen
- Seed
- Gametophyte - greatly reduced in time and size
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Seed
- Like a bird egg
- Made of a mostly waterproof seed coat with embryo inside
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Female Gametophyte
Cluster of cells - egg, ovule
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Seed Plants
- All Tracheophytes
- Most successful vascular plants
- Not restricted to water
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Sori
- Redorange dots under the leaves of ferns
- Hold the spores
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Ferns
- Seedless vascular plant
- Only one that has real leaves
- Has rhizomes, but mostly propogate by spores held in sori
- Has a heart shaped gametophyte
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Epiphyte
- Grows on something else, but not a parasite
- Ex) Resurrection Ferns
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Horsetails (Equisetum sp)
- Seedless vascular plants
- Currently 3 feet, but fossil records are from 60-80 feet
- Only 30 species
- Hollow stems
- Tiny scale-like leaves that contain silica
- Have strobilus and rhizomes
- Called scouring rushes, found on riverbanks and ponds
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Fiddleheads
Fern leaf that hasn't unrolled
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Fronds
Large leaves of ferns
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Club Mosses
- Seedless vascular plants
- Not real mosses
- Also called lycophytes and ground pine
- Leaves are scale-like
- Propogate by spores
- Have a strobilus
- Spores become Gametophyte after release
- Have Rhizomes
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Strobilus
Tiny cone-like structure that forms on top of plants and holds/releases spores
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Rhizome
- Horizontal, underground stem of seedless vascular plants
- New tree can grow from it
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Seedless Vascular Plants
- Have roots, stems, and leaves
- Have vascular tissue
- Have lignin
- Sporophyte is dominant, gametophyte is a seperate structure
- Restricted to water
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Peat Moss
- Most common bryophyte
- Builds up huge masses over time
- Form peat bogs - ecosystems in which cranberries live
- Used as a poultice b/c it's absorbant and antiseptic
- The ecosystem is acidic and harvested as a fuel source
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Tracheophyte
- Has trachea/tubes
- Vascular plants
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Bryophytes
- Gametophyte is the dominant stage
- Sporophyte is on the gametophyte
- Restricted to moist environments because the sperm have to swim
- Very absorbant, so very sensitive to air pollution
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Seed Plants
- Vascular
- Pollen, seeds, flowers, fruit
- Increase reproduction/fertilization
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Vascular Plant Adaptations to Land
- Vascular tissue transports water and other nutrients
- Xylem
- Phloem
- Lignin
- Both vascular tissue and lignin are responsible for height
- Stomata
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Xylem
Straw-like vascular tissue
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Phloem
Vascular tissue that brings things down
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Lignin
Sticky, rigid substance in plants for strength
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Stomata
- Pores in plants that allow gas exchange
- Have the ability to open and close
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Roots
- Absorb water and other nutrients
- Anchor the plant in soil
- Give the plant stability
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Shoot System
Above ground part of the plant designed to capture sunlight
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Cuticle
Thin waxy layer that covers the shoot system and prevents water loss
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Advantages to Land
- More sunlight, not diffused through water
- More CO2 in the atmosphere
- More nutrients in the soil
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Land Plant Evolution
Started as green algae
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Kingdom Plantae
- Photosynthetic Autotrophs
- 2 Multi-celled stages: sporophyte, gametophyte
- Develop from a protected embryo
- Sessile
- Alteration of Generations
- All multicelled eukaryotes
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Bryophytes
- Non-Vascular
- Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
- Lack true roots, stems, and leaves, so no way to transport material
- Rely on diffusion
- Restricted in height (<3 inches)
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Dicots
- Net Venation
- Angiosperms
- Maples, Oaks
- Only outside of stem has vascular bundles
- Inside of stem has a pith
- Tap root system
- Two cotyledons
- Also eudicots
- 130,000 species
- Most dominant angiosperms
- Flowering trees and shrubs
- Parts are in multiples of 5
- Ex) Aster sp - daisies, sunflowers
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Monocots
- Fibrous root system
- Has one cotyledon
- Angiosperms
- Long, slender leaves (grass, iris blade)
- Flower parts are in multiples of 3
- Parallel venation
- Stem - vascular bundles
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Magnoliids
- Angiosperms
- Smallest group
- Magnolias, avacados, peppers
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Angiosperm Defense Mechanisms
- Thorns, chemicals, toxins
- Peppermint, pepper, caffiene, nicotene
- Ex) toothache tree - numbs the mouth
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Angiosperm Adaptation #1: Flowers
- Increases fertilization, therefore reproduction
- Holds reproductive structure
- Attractant
- Holds male and female gametophyte
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Angiosperm Adaptation #2: Fruit
- Contains the seed
- Ovaries that ripen and swell to surround the seed
- For seed dispersal
- Apples, berries, pecans, stickers, beggar ticks
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Angiosperm Adaptation #3: Broad Leaves
- More sunlight captured = more photosynthesis = more sugar
- Stores extra sugar
- Deciduous
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Angiosperms
- Seed plants
- Evolved after gymnosperms
- Most dominant, diverse, successful plants
- Flowering
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Deciduous
A tree that drops leaves under stress
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Gingkos
- Female trees are not allowed in US
- Helps memory
- Different than other gymnosperms because it's deciduous
- Only one species - gingko biloba
- Distinctive leaf with two lobes
- Cultivated in Asia, resistant to insects and air pollution
- Diecious
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Gnetophytes
- Gymnosperms
- Found from the tropics to the desert
- Ex) Joint Pine, Joint Fir, Mormon Tea - all contain efedra, used for stimulant and weight loss.
- Pseudoephedrine - decongestant
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Monoecious
- "One house"
- Both sexes on one plant
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Dibecious
- "Two houses"
- Has a male and female plant
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Cyads
- Gymnosperms
- 130 Species
- Sub-tropical plants
- Also called ground palm and woody ferns
- Ex) Sago Palms
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Sago Palm
- Cyad
- Popular in landscaping
- Dibecious
- Female strobili are leafy and fluffy
- Male strobili are tight
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Primary Root
- First root to grow and develop
- Develops into a root system
- In fibrous system, dies off
- Taproot system primary root lives
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Receptacle
Small cup that holds all the parts of the flower
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Stamen
- Third Whorl
- Male reproductive part
- Made of anther
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Root Cap
- At tip of the root
- Dead cells that cover the apical meristem
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Calyx
- First whorl
- Made of sepals
- Typically green and leaf-like
- Non-reproductive
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Apical Meristem
- Tip of the root
- Primary growth
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Epidermis
- Outside layer, skin
- Root hairs on epidermis increase absorption of water
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Tepals
When the calyx and corolla are fused/indistinguishable
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Corolla
- Second whorl
- Made of petals
- Showy, colorful part
- Non-reproductive
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Vascular Cylinder
Down center of root
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Cortex
Part of the root that converts sugar into starch
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Pedicle
Small stem that holds a flower onto a bigger branch
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Filament
Long stalk that holds the anther together
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Carpal/Pistil
- Fourth whorl
- Female reproductive organ, made of 3 parts:
- 1. Stigma - cathces pollen
- 2. Style - long tube that connects stigma to ovary
- 3. Ovary - contains eggs/ovules
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Perfect Flower
Has all 4 whorls
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Imperfect Flower
- Missing one or more whorl
- 1. Staminant - missing pistils
- 2. Pistulant - missing stamen
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Oak Trees
Monoecious, both sexes on one tree
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Persimmon Trees
Diecious. 2 trees for 2 sexes.
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Polliation
- Plants don't want to self-pollinate
- Start - pollen is released for the anther
- Travels to the stigma and is caught
- Pollen germinates - grows a pollen tube down through the style into the ovary and reaches the eggs
- Sperm are released to travel the tube and fertilize the eggs
- Ovules develop into seeds
- Ovary ripens to swell and surround the seeds
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Pollination Syndrome
- How the pollen is spread
- Flowers look different depending on what they're trying to attract
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Fruit
- Seed-bearing organ of the plant
- Purpose - seed dispersal
- Typically the ovary ripens and swells
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Accessory Fruits
- Parts other than the ovary that ripen and swell
- Ex) recepticle, pedicle
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Simple Fruits
- Have 1 pistil
- Can be fleshy or dry
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Pome
- Outer wall fleshy
- Inner wall papery
- Multi-seeded
- Ex) Apples, Pears
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Drupe
- 1 seed with succulent outer wall
- Hard bony inner wall
- Ex) Peaches, Cherries
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Berry
- Multi-seeded pulpy mass
- Ex) Tomato
- 2 Types:
- Pepo
- Hesporidium
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Pepo
- Hard rind
- No partitions on inside
- Ex) Pumpkin
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Hesporidium
- Leathery rind
- Aromatic oils
- Have partitions inside
- Ex) Grapefruits, Lemons, Oranges, Limes
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Dehiscent
- Splits at maturity
- 3 Types:
- Capsule
- Legume
- Follide
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Capsule Dehiscent Fruit
- Multiple splits
- Multiple seeds
- Ex) Cottonwood, sweet gums, brazil nuts, poppies
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Follide - Dehiscent Fruit
- 1 line of suture
- 1 seed
- Ex) Magnolia
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Indehiscent Fruit
- Don't split open
- 3 Types:
- Achene
- Samara
- Nut
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Achene - Indehiscent Fruit
- 1 seeded
- Hard exterior
- Attached at 1 point inside the shell
- Ex) Sunflower seeds
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Samara - Indehiscent Fruit
- Winged achene
- Ex) Maple, elms
- Look like pine seeds
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Nut - Indehiscent Fruit
- 1 seeded
- Hard, bony exterior
- Ex) Acorns, Pecans
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Compound Fruit
- More than one pistil
- 2 Types:
- Aggregates
- Multiple
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Aggregates
- Compound fruit with one flower and multiple pistils
- Ex) Strawberry - aggregate of achenes
- Magnolia - aggregate of follicles
- Blackberries - aggregate of drupes
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Multiple
- Compound fruit with more than one flower.
- Ex) Pineapple
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Growth and Development of Organs
- Patterns of growth dictated by hormones
- 5 Kinds:
- Gibberellins
- Auxins
- Cytokinins
- Ethalene
- Abscisic Acid
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Gibberellins
- Hormones that promote flowering
- Come out in spring
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Auxins
- Promote primary growth (stem, root, shoot)
- Root stimulators
- For lengthnening
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Cytokinins
- Hormones that promote cell division without promoting aging
- Prevents fruit/leaves from falling off but promotes mitosis
- Used for cut flowers
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Ethalene
Promotes aging, ripening of fruit
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Abscisic Acid
- Stops growth
- Promotes dormancy
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Transpiration
- The process of water moving through the plant
- Pulled by water vapor
- Most of the water a plant takes in is lost through transpiration
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Lateral Meristem
secondary plant growth
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Dermal Tissue
- Covers outside of plant
- 3 Types:
- Epidermis
- Root Hairs
- Periderm (Replaces epidermis as it ages)
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Parenchyma
- Ground tissue
- Soft and pliable
- Capable of photosynthesis, mitosis
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Collenchyma
- Flexible but thickened with cellulose
- For support and strength
- Ground tissue
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4 Plant Organs
- Flower
- Fruit
- Root
- Stems/Leaves
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Blade
Flat part of the leaf
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Pediole
- Line that holds the leaf
- Runs down the center
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Axillary Bud
- Grows into leaf, stem, ect.
- Everything that comes after it is ONE leaf.
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Simple Leaf
Has only one blade
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Compound Leaf
- More than one blade
- Forms leaflet
- Multiple leaflets = rachis
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Pinnately Leaves
- Leaflets come out opposite of each other
- Number off the rachis can be odd or even
- Can be further divided: Bi-Pinnately or Tri-Pinnately compound
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Palmately Compound Leaves
- Multiple leaflets originating from the same spot
- 3 leaflets = tri-folate
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Node
- Point of leaf attachment
- Invisible line
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Alternate Leaf Arrangement
One leaf at node
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Opposite Leaf Arrangement
2 leaves at node
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Whorled Leaf Arrangement
3 or more leaves at a node
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Parallel Venation
All veins in a leaf run parallel to one another
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Net Venation
- Leaf veins spread like a net
- Can be pinnate(strong veins opposite one another), palmate (main veins all originate from the same spot), or arcuate (secondary veins arc)
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Leaf Shapes
- Needle
- Oblong
- Ovate
- Obovate
- Circle
- Chordate (Heart shape)
- Deltoid (triangle)
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Apex
- Tip of the leaf
- Shape can be:
- Acute
- Acuminate
- Rounded
- Truncate
- Bristle
- Notched
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Leaf Base
- Shape can be:
- Acute
- Truncate
- Earlike
- Asymmetrical
- Rounded
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Leaf Margin
- Shape can be:
- Entire (smooth)
- Undulate
- Sinute
- Crenate
- Serrate
- Dentate
- Lobed
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Why?
- Every plant has its own wildlife value
- Aesthetics
- Exotics don't belong (Chines Tallatree)
- Important for ecosystem health
- Important for economics (Timber)
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