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Selye's concept of stress
GAS = general adapation syndrom
- alarm
- adaptation / resistance
- exhaustion
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HPA
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
stressors trigger HPA axis --> activates SNS
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what are the 2 main adrenal hormones?
epi, norepi
-
stress specificity
- reactive response
- anticipatory
- conditional
-
FX of epi
- ^ HR and strength of contraction
- ^ metabolism
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FX of norepi
- ^ BP
- pupil dilation
- piloerection
- sweaty palms and pits
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combined FX or catecholamines
- ^ HR and strength of contraction
- ^ BP
- pupil dilation
- piloerection
- ^ glucagon release
- decreased insulin release
- ^ glycogenesis
- ^ gluconeogenesis (glucose formation from non-carbs)
- ^ lipolysis
- ^ proteolysis
- decreased glucose uptake by peripheral tissues
- relaxation of bronchial smooth mm
- vascular smooth mm contraction (accts for ^ BP)
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from where are catecholamines releases?
chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
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which catecholamines is/are alpha adrenergic and beta adrenergic?
- alpha: epi and norepi
- beta: epi
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what is ACTH?
what does it do?
- adrenocorticotropic hormone
- activates cortisol / hydrocortisone
-
FX of cortisol / hydrocortisone
- ^ gluconeogenesis (glucose production from fats or proteins, not carbs)
- ^ blood glucose
- anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive
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FX of SNS activation
- ^ HR, ^ SV --> ^ CO
- periph vasoconstriction --> ^systolic BP, redistribution of blood to vital organs
- ^ resp rate, shallow breathing
- ^ epi, ^ norepi --> prolonged SNS response
- glycogenesis (liver) --> ^ blood glucose
- decreased GI secretions, decreased peristalsis --> decreased digestion
- decreased peristalsis
-
what is most important re: imagery
involves all sense
-
beta endorphins
- proteins found in brain
- pain relieving capabilities
- released in response to stressor (incl exercise!)
- ^ d/t hemorrhage --> inhibits BP decrease and delays compensatory response
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growth hormone
aka?
produced where?
FX?
how does stress affect it?
- aka somatotropin
- produced by anterior pituitary, lymphocytes, monocytes
- ^ PRO, fat, carb metabolism, counters FX of insulin --> ^ BS
- ^ immune fx
- chronic stress decreases GH --> decreases immune fx
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prolactin
FX?
where from?
how does stress affect it?
- necessary for lactation and breast development
- released from anterior pituitary
- stress ^ prolactin levels
-
oxytocin
FX?
where from?
- "tend and befriend"
- produced by hypothalamus and during orgasm
-
testosterone
where from?
relationship to immune activity?
impact of stress?
- from Leydig cells in testes
- immunosuppressive
- stress decreases testosterone levels
-
how does stress affect T and B cell fx?
decreases Tc toxicity and B cell fx
(also decreases natural killer cells)
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CRH
where from?
corticotropin releasing hormone
from hypoth.
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primary cognitive appraisal options
- irrelevant
- benign / positive
- stressful (harm / loss, threat)
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primary cognitive appraisal situation factors
- novelty
- predictability
- immanency
- duration
- temporal
- ambiguity
- timing
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what is secondary cog. appraisal?
- "what can i do?"
- evaluation of coping resources and options
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define adaptation
ability to respond to physical and psych stressors and to return to and maintain homeostasis
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define coping
attempt to change situation for the better and to manage stress resultant emos
set of behaviors (conscious and unconscious) a person adopts when facing stress
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Lazarus coping
- info seeking
- direct action (do something)
- inhibition of action (do nothing)
- seek social support
- defense mechanisms aka intrapsychic mechanisms
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define coping resources
examples?
coping resources: complex set of personality, attitudinal, and cog. factors that provide psych context for coping
ex: health, energy, positive beliefs, social skills and support, $
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