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Orange Gels CTO's
Daylight to Tungston
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Blue Gels CTB
Tungsten to Daylight
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Realist Lighting
Creates the illusions that lighting is coming from actual light sources in the setting or location-Realistic Impact
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Modernist Lighting
Little or no real life referent-emotional impact
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Directional Light Hard Light
Precise beam that causes harsh shadows
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Diffused light (soft light)
causes more general illumination, diffused light spreads out easy and its difficult to control. Results in soft or no shadows.
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Light Intensity
- How much light falls onto an object
- Can be read by a light meter
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Light Meter
- Reads Foot candle (fc) 1 candlepower of light (called a lumen)
- that falls on 1 square foot area located 1 foot away from the light source
European equivalent is the lux- one luman of light on a surface of 1 square meter that is 1 meter away from the light source
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Baselight
Refers to the general illumination or the overall light intensity
- Measured by pointing light meter from the illuminated object or a scene toward the camera
- overall light intensity
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Gain
- If insufficient light even at maximum aperture (lowest f stop) you need to activate gain circuits of the camera
- -consumer recorders do this automatically
- -Gain will boost the weak video signal electronically if too much will produce color specks
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Incident Light
What inserts the lense or what comes from a specific instrument
Book def: light that strikes the object directly from its source. To measure incident light, point the light meter at the camera lens or into the lighting measurements
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Reflected Light
- Bouncing off the lighted object
- Meter reading gives an average of all the light being reflected from a subject (or more so the whole scene)
Book def: light that is bounced off the illuminated object. To measure reflective light, point the light meter close to the object from the direction of the camera
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Contrast Ratios
- Measure the difference btw bright and dark things/one will blackout
- -Video Cameras record contrast ratio 30:1
- -Film can go 100:1
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Video camera CCD-luminance levels
OIRE-Black ------ 100IRE=overexposed
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Zebra stripes
stripes can be set to appear around 95% IRE (or other levels) so the DP knows to use a higher f stop
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To decrease light you can?
- -Move lighting instrument away from the subject
- -Closing down the Iris
- -Adding diffusion
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Trouble with overexposure is typically the result of overly high contrast ratios
Overexpose=overly high contrast ratios
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Sufficient Illumination
For colors, and objects
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Gain Switch
Allows camera to shoot in lower light
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Attached Shadows
- Fixed to the object surface/shape and texture helps
- Cannot be seen separate from the object
- Attached shadows define shape, texture (without them things look smoother)
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Cast Shadow
- produced by an object and thrown onto a surface
- can be seen independent of the object causing them
- Ex: telephone pole
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Fall off
- brightness contrast between light and shadows sides of an object
- Indicates the degree of change from light to shadow-specifically the speed which light areas turn into shady areas
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Fast Fall off
Hard directional light
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Slow fall off
very gradual change from light area to shadow
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No fall off
Means there is no contrast btw light and dark; all surfaces are lit evenly
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Special purpose spotlights and floodlights
- Ellipsoidal spotlight-used for special effects. sharp, high intensity beam
- Strip, or cyc, light-illuminate cycloramas (the seamless background curtain that stretches along studio or stage walls
- Small EFP floodlight-
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Types of Flood lights
- Flood lights have no lens and use large, relatively low powered lamps-highly diffused non directional
- -Scoop-scooplike reflector, old-faishoned useful
- -Softlight-long tubelike lamps whose light bounces off with a curved, light-diffusing reflector
- -Flourescent Bank-row of flourescent tubes (early days of television)
- -Portable Floodlights- produce general nondirectional illumination and cause slow falloff
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Beam Control of a frensel spotlight
- To flood (spread) the beam put the lamp toward the lens
- To spot (focus) the beam put the lamp reflector away from the lens
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Color
- 3 primary light colors RGB Addictive primary colors
- Bluish color temp higher the color temp higher the Kelvin (k)
- Indoor lighting is more reddish
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Mixing Addictive Primaries
By mixing red green blue all other colors can be achieved
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Color Video Image
CRT cathode ray tube- color television receiver has three electron guns in the neck of the puncture tube that shot their beams at myriad red green blue dots or rectangles on the inside of the tv screen
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Color Temp
- Measured in Kelvin degrees
- Measures the relative reddishness or bluishness of white light
- Red white light-has a low color temp
- Blue white light has a high color temp \
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White Balancing
White light is composed of equal amounts of all colors in the visible spectrum but the light sources with different color temp emit different amounts of color wave length (red, green, blue)
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White balancing Channels
- If shot has to much blue reduce blue
- If shot has to much red reduce red
- You should white balance again every time you change lights, gels, or location
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Sunlight has a relatively high color temp and emits bluish light
5600 degrees Kelvin
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Spotlights
- directional
- more or less defined beam
- illuminates a specific area
- cause harsh dense shadows
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Spotting
spotting=harder=harsher shadows
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Flooding
Flooding=softer=softer shadows
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Size of a Frensel light is indicated by?
Wattage and is written on the light Example 1K
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Floodlights
Produce a great amount of non directional, diffused light that yields transparent shadows
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Scoop
Ideal for lighting large areas with relatively even light, old-fashioned but highly used
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Softlight
relatively large, long tubelike lamps whose light bounces off with a curved, light-diffusing reflector
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Fluorescent bank
consists of a series of fluorescent tubes; produces very soft light with slow fall off
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Soft light
floodlight covered with diffusing material and delivers extremely diffused light. It causes very slow falloff and renders shadows virtually invisible
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An example of Portable Floodlights
Chinese lanterns
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LED lights
- last longer
- generate less heat
- expensive
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Ellipsoidal spotlight
- used for special effects, produces high sharp beam/either rectangular or triangular
- Can hold a cookie pattern
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Strip or cyc light
Illuminates cycloramas (background curtain along studio or stage walls), drapes, or large areas of scenery
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Small EFP floodlight
runs off ordinary household current and can be used to illuminate small areas
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Key light
reveals the basic shape
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Fill light
which fills in the shadows if they are too dense
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Back light
which separates the object from the background and provides some sparkle
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High-Key lighting
- Bright
- diffused
- slow-falloff or flat lighting
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Low-key lighting
- Few spotlights to create selective lighting with fast falloff attached shadows and prominent cast shadows
- Background typically dark, dramatic
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Light plot
rough sketches to indicated light and directions
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Sound pick up principle
How microphones change sound waves into sound signals
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Microphones
Transduce sound waves into electric energy-the audio signal
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Pickup pattern
territory around the microphone within which the mic can hear well
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Polar Pattern
the 2-dimensional representation of the microphone pickup pattern
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Omnidirectional
Hears well from all directions
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Uni directional
Mic is designed to hear especially well from one direction to the front
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Cardioid Microphone
Heart shaped pickup pattern of a unidirectional microphone
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Hypercardioid
narrow unidirectional pickup pattern with a long reach. The mic is also sensitive to sounds coming directly from the back
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Dynamic Microphone
most rugged you can take it outside in all kinda weather, and it can even withstand occasional rough handling
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Pop filter
- many dynamic microphones have pop filters
- Eliminates the breath pops that occur when someone speaks into the microphone at very close range
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Denser microphones
are generally used for critical sound pickup indoors/but occasionally in the field
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Windscreen
Made of acoustic foam rubber or other synthetic material
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Windstock/Wind jammer
a fuzzy cloth resembling a mop that can be pulled over the windscreen
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Ribbon microphones
audio-recording studios as for critical music pickup for television
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Lavalier mic
short very small, rugged, omnidirectional microphone
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Transducer-ex:microphone
devices that change one form of energy into another
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Sound Waves
- rapidly expanding and contracting particles of air move through space in a relatively straight line
- Microphone converts these vibrations into electrical current
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Bidirectional
mic is sensitive to sounds from two directions
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Cardioid and hyper cardioid mics (shot gun mics)
- unidirectional
- long reach allow them to produce sounds that seem close even though the sound source might be far away
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When selecting a mic consider?
- Pick up pattern
- Sound generating element (transducer)
- How it must be ised in conjunction with the camera
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Dynamic Microphones
durable, less susceptible to wind noise and relatively inexpensive but will not provide the quality of sound that ribbon and condenser mics do
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Ribbon Mics
- Delicate expensive
- pref by radio and tv announcers
- smooth bass accentuated
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Condenser mic
- require a preamplifier powered by a battery in the mic handle (phantom power) that must be turned on and off to boosts signal
- Sensitive-windscreen necessary
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Lavalier Mics
- Small rugged
- omnidirectional (dynamic or condenser)
- clipped to clothing 6-8 inches
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Boom mic
hypercardioid shotgun mic suspended from a boom pole
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Room tone
- always record 30 sec to a minute
- each locaction (or each scene)
- -critical for editors
- verbally slate each recording of a room tone
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AGC automatic gain control-sound
- auto adjusts to sounds
- -drawback it picks up all sound
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Manual Volume control
- Channel 1 external mic
- channel 2 recording ambient sound with camera mic
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audio mixer
amplifies weak signals that come from the microphones and or other sound sources and lets you control the sound volume and mix (combine) two or more sound imputs
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Monophonic audio mixer
3-4 inputs and one output
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Stereo mixer
- 2 outputs one for the left channel and another for the right
- -Rotary Pot/Fader-Volume control that works by sliding a button horizontally along a specific scale
- A socket or receptacle for a connector
- Volume unit VU meter
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Mic level input
for weak audio signals, such as those coming from a microphone
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Line-level input
Relatively strong audio signals
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Controlling the volume
- Riding gain
- to keep sound level
- needle between 60-100 percent when recording analog sound
- LED meters change color when the sound is overmodulated
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XLR pad
- a way to prevent high volume distortion in digital sound
- A connector with wich you can join two balanced audio cables
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Sound Calibration
When the sound signals go through a mixer or the console before reaching the camcorder or the audio recording device
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Analog recording
high quality reel to reel audiotape recorders (ATRs) use various tape widths, depending on the number of audio tracks recorded on them
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Audio Postproduction
- -sweetening
- -mixing various tracks
- -creating new ones
- room contains sound equipment the digital audio workstation
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Sound Waveform
Graphic representation of the dynamics of various sounds as they progress in time, it facilitates sound editing
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Synthesized sound
once sounds are in digital form, the computer can manipulate them. Create-synthesize-its own sounds
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Sound Aesthetics
- 1.context
- 2. figure/ground
- 3. sound perspective
- 4.continuity
- 5. energy
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Windstock (wind jammer)
a moplike cover over windscreen to further reduce wind noise
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Windscreen
acoustic foam rubber that is put over the entire microphone to cut down wind noise
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Volume unit meter VU
measures volume units, the relative loudness of amplified sound
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Production Model
method of organizing details for moving from an original idea to a finished product
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Program objective
- desired effect of our finished program on the viewer, allow us to determine the medium requirements necessary to produce the intended Communication effect
- Ex: Do we shoot film or video? Widescreen or Academy? Handheld or tripod?
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Process Message
message the audience perceives
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Angle
- from which to approach the project
- Specific approach to the movie
- the point of view
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Fiction (narrative)
- Feature films
- Television Series
- Miniseries
- Made for TV movies
- Interactive games
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Non fiction
- Documentaries
- News Programs
- Commercials
- Corporate videos
- Educational and training videos
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Screenwriters
must think visually in terms of settings, concrete actions, specific dialogue
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Premise
Synopsis
- A statement that describes the basic idea of the story
- One or more paragraphs that describe the basic story line of the film
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Treatment
- written in 3rd person narrative summary of basic story lines. Should be highly readable and exciting portrayal of the story. 20-70 pages
- Proposal
- Rough draft
- Final Draft
- Shooting script
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Full-page formats
Most narrative films use in which a single column is devoted to visuals and audio
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Split page format
commercials and other non-fiction productions
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Semi-scripted format
often used for talk shows and game shows and is based around the runtimes of segments
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Dramatic Structure
- Opening////climax\\\\Resolution
- 3 act structure with a series of rising and falling actions that culminate in a climax and resolution
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Rising Action Structure
- Dramatic Tension must increase as the story progresses
- Character tries to solve problem easily, with unexpected results
- As problems progress the character's actions become increasingly desperate
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Narrative Duration
Difference between actual screen time and the supposed story time devoted to specific events
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Narrative Order
Difference between the actual order of presentation of events in a film and the historical chronology of events
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Omniscient narrator
is an unseen person who presents the story when no character takes responsibility for it
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Screenwriters must create a convincing balance between
- Plot-telling of specific actions or events that unfold to create a story
- Characterization- development of strong, believable, interesting characters through scripting their actions and words
- Themes
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Supporting character
allies to the central protagonist and antagonist
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Secondary characters
help create situations that provoke conflict but they are contributors to rather than initiators of, major action
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Narration for nonfiction films
First person or third person
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Preproduction
- includes all the planning and coordination of details before the actual production begins
- Develop program idea, define the program objective, select the people and equipment, production plan, production budget
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Production
starts when the process of shooting begins
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Postproduction
involves editing the content generated during production into a finished product
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Medium Requirements
as the logistical and personnel requirements for the production
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Executive Producer
- generating production funding
- managing the budget
- coordinating with investors or corporate management
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Line Producer
- day to day workings of production
- production crew
- technical and non-technical production elements
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Associate Producer
- Assists the producer in all production matters
- telephoning talent
- ensuring all dead lines are met
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Production Assistant
- assists the director
- assistant director
- and producer during production
- typically multiple production assists on set
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Director
In charge of directing talent and transforming the script into a visual message/in charge of how the picture looks and gets the talent to give the proper performances
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Assistant Director
Runs the set and ensures the production schedule is met
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Talents
refers to all performers and actors who appear in the film or video
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Writer
writes the script for the production and may be present during shooting to amend scenes as per the directors wishes
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Art director (production designer)
is in charge of all creative design elements of the production (set design, location, graphic design, wardrobe)
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Composer
Choreographer
- music coordinator
- movements of dancers, fight scenes
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Director of photography
responsible for translating the directors vision into images through camera operation and lighting
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Camera Operator
Assists the director of photography in camera operation
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Gaffer
responsible for implementing the director of photography's lighting design
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Production Sound Mixer
is responsible for the recording of all sound during the shoot
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Script supervisor
keeps notes about individual camera takes and ensures continuity between shots
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Preproduction team
- develop an idea for the project and plan on its production
- -Producers, writer, and director
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