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List the three layers of the eye.
- Outer - Sclera
- Middle - Choroid
- Inner - Retina
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State briefly the functions and location of the Sclera.
- Outer layer of eye.
- Protection and forms shape of the eye.
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State briefly the functions and location of the Cornea.
- Outer layer of eye.
- At the center of sclera, tough transparent, first structure that light travels through.
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State briefly the functions and location of the Iris.
- Middle layer of eye.
- Circular muscle, color of eye and regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
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State briefly the functions and location of the Choroid.
- Middle layer of eye.
- The blood supply of eye, where the nerves are.
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State briefly the functions and locations of the Retina.
- Inner layer of eye.
- Made of specialized nerve cells called rods and cones.
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State briefly the functions and location of the Optic Nerve.
- Inner layer of the eye.
- Carriers electrical impluses to the brain.
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Which structure give us most acute vision especially color?
Macula lutea
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Name for the opening in the center of the Iris.
Pupil
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State pupil size in presence of dim light.
Dim light the pupil is large and dilated.
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State the pupil size in presence of bright light.
Bright light the pupil is small and constricted.
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State name of thin membrane (film) which covers the eyeball and protects it.
Conjuntivas
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State function of the lacrimal gland.
Manufactures tears which help destroy bacteria and viruses that may enter the eye.
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Describe the location of the Anterior cavity.
Extends from Cornea to the Lens.
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Describe the location of the Anterior chamber.
Extends from the Cornea to the Iris.
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Describe the location of the Posterior chamber.
Extends from the Iris to the Lens.
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Describe the location of the Posterior cavity.
Extends from the Lens to the Optic nerve.
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State functions of the lens.
The lens main function is focusing, which is called accommodation.
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State the location and function of the Canal of Schlemm.
- Located at the top and bottom of the cornea.
- Is the structure that drains the aqueous humor.
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Trace the pathway of light traveling into the eye.
- Cornea
- Pupil
- Lens
- Retina
- Optic nerve.
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State the area of the brain in which vision occurs.
Occipical lobe
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State the meaning of Blephar.
Eyelid
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State the meaning of Ambly.
Dimness
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State the meaning of Presby.
Aging
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In which disease is choroidal hemorrhage so common?
Diabetes
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Describe a cataract.
The lens becomes opaque and vision diminishes.
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Briefly describe macular degeneration.
- Gradual degeneration of the cones.
- Progressive, related to aging and no cure.
- Lost of central vision.
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Briefly define papilledema.
- Accumulation of fluid around the optic nerve the brain.
- Causes temp. blindness
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Give a brief definition of amblyopia.
Poor vision in one eye without a detectble cause. (dimness)
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Give a brief definition of presbyopia.
Visual loss due to aging.
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Define Glaucoma.
A condition in which too much pressure is created in the eye by excessive aqueous humor. This excess pressure can lead to permanent damage of the optic nerves, resulting in blindness.
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Give 2-3 symptoms of glaucoma.
- Visual loss
- Halos around electric lights
- Cloudy vision
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State instrument used to detect glaucoma.
Tonometer used to test intraoccular pressure.
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Describe myopia.
Nearsightedness
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Describe hyperopia.
Farsightedness
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Define Astigmatism
- Is an abnormal curvature in the cornea.
- objects to appear warped/distorted
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Define Nyctalopia.
Night blindness
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Define Strabismus.
When the optic axis fails to fall on the same object *cross eyed*.
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Define Diplopia.
Double vision
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Define Enucleate.
Removal of the eyeball.
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Define Conjunctivitis.
- Pink eye
- Inflammation & infection of conjunctiva
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Define ophthalmia neonatorum.
- If mother has gonorrhea, it can cause blindness in newborn.
- Ilotcin are drops given immediately after birth to newborns to prevent blindness.
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Expalin the blind spot.
Why is it called that?
What is the proper name for this area?
- This is where the retina merges into the optic nerve.
- There are no exposed rods and cones in this area.
- Optic disc
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Medical term for Focusing.
Accommodation
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Medical term for bending of light rays.
Refraction
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What controls the shape of the lens?
Ciliary body
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Where do we find Aqueous Humor?
It flows through the anterior & posterior chambers.
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What is the function of the Aqueous Humor?
It is where the nutrients are that supply the structures of the anterior cavity.
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Where do we find Vitreous Humor?
It is found in the posterior cavity.
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What is the function of Vitreous Humor?
It is responsible for refraction, which is the bending of light.
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What are rods and cones?
They are specialized nerve cells located in the retina.
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What type of vision are rods responsible for?
Black & White vision
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What type of vision are cones responsible for?
Color vision
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State the structures of the Outer ear and it's function.
- Pinna external flap cartilage & collects the sound waves.
- External auditory meatus- opening of auditory canal.
- Auditory Canal- tube shape and lead to the tympanic membrane, it carries the sound waves toward the middle ear.
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What are the parts of the Pinna?
- Helix- folded portion.
- Tragus- lead toward the lobe
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State the structures of the middle ear and their functions.
- 1. Typmanic membrane (ear drum)- separates external from middle ear
- Vibrates in response to sound waves.
- 2. Ossicles (tiny bones) malleus, incus, stapes
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State the structures of the inner ear.
- Oval Window
- Round Window
- The entire inner ear is filled with auditory fluid.
- The fluid is called perilymph and the endolymph
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State the structures lined with ceruminous glands and function of cerumen.
- The auditory canal is lined with cerumen glands.
- Cerumen (earwax) filters, lubricates and protects the ear from dirts, dust and microbes.
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State the function of eustachian tube with reference to tympanic membrane.
- The auditory tube that connects the midde ear to the throat.
- It helps maintain equal pressure on both sides of eardrum.
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What structures are responsible for maintenance of equilibrium? Where?
The semicircular canal and the vestibule are responsible for equilibrium, in the inner ear.
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Trace sound waves from pinna to temporal lobe of the brain.
- Pinna
- tympanic membrane
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
- inner ear
- cochlea
- auditory nerve
- temporal lobe of brain
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Define Tinnitus
Abnormal ringing in ear, damage to the auditory nerve
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Define Anacusis
Complete deafness
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Define Presbycusis
- Hearing loss because of the aging process.
- loss of hair in the organ of corti
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Define Otosclerosis
Is the immobilization of the stapes within the inner ear, which is a common cause of conductive hearing loss.
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Define Stapedectomy
- Is a surgical procedure in which the innermost bone (stapes) of the three bones of the middle ear is removed.
- Replaced with a small plastic tube surrounding a short length of stainless steel wire (a prosthesis). To improve hearing.
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Define Meniere's Syndrome
- An inner-ear disease characterized by attacks of vertigo, tinnitus and nausea.
- Permanent hearing loss may result.
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Define Auditory agnosia
- The impaired recognition of non-verbal sounds and noises.
- Inability to recognize or understand the meaning of spoken words.
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Define Otitis media
Is a middle ear infection. (inflamation of the middle ear)
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Describe the appearance of Normal eardrum
Very thin, beige, shiny
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Describe the appearance of an infected eardrum.
It would be red.
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Describe the appearance of an eardrum with fluid behind it.
The eardrum would be dull.
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Define Decibels
Units for measuring the relative intensity of sounds on a scale from 0 to 130.
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Define Frequency
- Is the number of complete fluctuations of energy per second in the form of waves.
- The pitch of sound.
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Define Helix
The folded portion of the pinna
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Define Otalgia
Medical term for ear pain.
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Define Tympanotomy
Surgical puncture of the tympanic membrane, as for the removal of fluid or the drainage of pus. Also called tympanostomy, tympanotomy.
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