Anatomy

The study of stuctures, and the relationship of those structures to the body

The cutting apart of the human body for examination

The study of the function of body parts

Base line, many things can change this

4 things that can change homeostasis:

4 noninvasive diagnostic techniques:

Looking, general observation

Pressing on the body structures

Listening

Think drums, tapping on the body structures and listening for an echo

Levels of Body Organization

atoms, combine in various ways to form molecules

molecules arranged into specific patterns or forms to form this level; functional unit

collection of similar cells that perfom a common function(cells form this; similar from the point of embryonic development)

various tissues (2 or more) make up this, stomach as example

made up of different organs, come together for one purpose

systems combine to make an organism

Anatomical postition

anatomical position: face down

Anatomical position: face up

Sum of all chemical processes

How we react to the internal and external stimuli

Specialization of cells

Tells us the cause of death, completed postmortem

Imaginary division of the body

Divides the body or organ into left and right parts

Divides the body into left and right parts directly down the middle (equal)

Unequal left and right parts

Divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back)

Divides the body into upper and lower parts

What plane is perpendicular to the midsagittal plane?

Diagonal plane

Any part that is divided by the planes

Anything toward the head

Anything away from the head or below

Towards the midline of the body

Away from the midline of the body

Closest to the point of attachment

Further from the point of attachment

Front

Back

Spaces within the body that help protect, seperate, and support internal organs

3 things that seperate body cavities from each other

Houses the brain

Houses the spinal cord

Superior body cavity

Inferior body cavity

Term for all organs in the body

2 cavities within the thoracic cavity

Cavity between the two pleural cavities and superior to the pericardial cavity

Houses the stomach, spleen, liver, gull bladder, most of the large intestine, small intestines

Houses the urinary bladder, some of the large intestine, and reproductive organs

Thoracic and abdominal cavity membranes

Very thin and slippery membrane (has two layers)

Layer of the serrous membrane that adheres to the cavity (more superficial)

Layer of the serrous membrane that adheres to the organ itself (more deep)

Lungs, has both a parietal layer that adheres to the wall cavity and the visceral layer that lines the lungs

Space between the parietal and visceral layers of the lungs

Heart, has both a parietal layer that adheres to the chamber that surrounds the heart while the visceral layer lines the heart

Space between the parietal and visceral layers of the heart

Abdominal cavity, has both a parietal and visceral layers

9 regions of the body:

Most superior region of the body

Between the hypochondriac regions

Center region of the body

Most inferior region of the body

Between the inguinal regions

Abdominopelvic quadrants:

Problem with a bodily function

Has signs and symptoms

Change in bodily functions

Can see it, like a rash

Study of disease

Study of medicine or drugs

See the signs and symptoms and distinguish one disease from another

The basic, living, structural and functional units of the body; perform chemical reactions to create life processes

Study of cells, also cytology

Organelles, specialization of the processes that go on inside the cell

3 principle parts of the cell:

4 functions of the plasma membrane:

All the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; contains cytosol and organelles

Contains chromosomes each of which have a strand of DNA

Found on chromosomes, contain genetic profile

The arrangement of molecules within the plasmic membrane resembles a sea of lipids containing many types of proteins

_____ act as gatekeepers of the PM, let some things in and some things out but not everything

Located in th PM; made of phopholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids

Also called transmembrane proteins, go completely across the lipid bilayer

Selectively move substances though the membranes

binds with a ligand, and helps to move things across the PM, have to be together for anything to move

Catalyzes chemical reactions

Protein on either side of the PM, supports the PM, contains enzymes that facilitate certain reactions to occur within the cell

Composed of a carbohydrate and a protein, extends into the extracellular fluid

Composed of a carbohydrate and a lipid

Made of parts of the glyoproteins and the glycolipids, sugary coating

3 functions of the glycocalyx:

Needed to keep the PM flexible but too much will cause problems (plaque buildup); healthy level 190-200, depends on genetics as well

The cell is impermeable to ______.

Fluid inside the cell

Fluid outside the cell

Fluid in between cells

Interstitial fluid within blood

Interstitial fluid of the lymphatic system

Processes that use kinetic energy

4 types of Kinetic Energy Transport:

Going from a level of high concentration and moving to a level of low concentration (CO2 into the bloodstream)

Moving from higher to lower but going through a selective permeable membrane

Occurs only when there is a difference in the concentration gradient; if levels are equal, nothing will happen

Nephrons in the kidneys use this

Process that uses an energy source (ATP)

Uses ATP, usually ions, going from a level of higher concentration to a level of lower concentration

Spherical sac that transport something into the cell membrane

3 types of endocytosis:

Occurs in selective membrane, this is how HIV is transported

think Pac man; forms a psuedopod that comes out of the cell membrane to digest objects; example is _____.

Swallows something into the cell, no psuedopods

Vesicles leave the cell membrane and release their contents into the extracellular space

Combination of endocytosis and exocytosis

Cytoplasm is made up of what 2 components?

Intracellular fluid, surrounds organelles, approximately 55% of the cell; 70-95% of this is water; reactions occur within this that are critical to the function of the cell

Found in the cytoplasm; has a specific shape and function

Give the cell its shape, framework

Cytoskeleton can be made up of what 3 things?

Supports microvillus (microscopic fingerlike projections)

Thicker than the microfilaments, anchor the organelles

Largest in the cytoskeleton, circular

What 3 things do microtubules make up?

Lie in the pericentriolar area near the nucleus; contain 9 pairs of centrioles arranged in a circle (9+0 array: 9 pairs in a circle and none in the middle); involved in cell division, particularly the development of the mitotic apparatus

Mitotic apparatus consists of the ______ and the ______.

Can move a whole cell; only example in the whole body is the sperm cell

Move debris and dirt; found in the trachea

Studded with ribosomes and continuous with the nuclear envelope

Folds found in the Rough ER where ribosomes are found and produce proteins

Network of tubules, but does not have ribosomes; synthesize fatty acids, steroids, and detoxifies some grubs and alcohol

What are the two types of ribosomes?

List the steps of protein transportion through the golgi complex

Name the 3 vesicles that a protein can leave the golgi complex in

Protein that is transported in ______ goes to the PM and is exported from the cell through exocytosis

Protein that is transported in _____ merges and is used by the PM

Protein transported in _____ stays within the cell

Organelle that is used in digestion

What is Tay-Sach's disease?

What are the two types of lysosomes?

Organelle that detoxifies substances such as alcohol; very abundant in the liver

Organelle found in the cytosol and the nucleus; destroys and gets rid of any faulty lysosomes or proteins in the cell

Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP

Folds of mitochondria

Found within the cristae of the mitochondria (fluid)

Both the mitochondria and the nucleus are _______.

The ____ and ____ are studded with ribosomes.

Spherical or oval shaped structure; usually the most prominent feature of a cell

- Found in the nucleus
- Produces ribosomes
- If a cell doesn't have this it cannot divide (example: red blood cell)

- Found in the nucleus
- Hereditary units
- Control the activities and structures of the cell

- Found in the nucleus
- Long molecules of DNA

Cytoplasm of the nucleus

The study of the relationships between the genome and the biological funtions of an organism

The total genetic information carried in a cell or an organism

There are approximately _____ genes in the human genome

A group of cells that have a common embryologic origin, come together for a specific function

The study of tissues

MD who studies and looks at tissues to make a diagnosis

4 types of tissue:

Tissue that covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs (inside), and body cavities and ducts (sweat glands)

Gives tissue structure, connects bones and organs

Tissue that generates force, allows for movement

Tissue that reacts to signals in our internal and external environment

Cells need to be connected so they communicate with each other by _______.

5 major types of cellular junctions:

- Type of cell junction
- Very close together, held by transmembrane poteins, occludes (prevents) anything from going into PM, also have intercelluar space
- Found in the lining of the stomach and intestines, and in the urinary bladder

- Plaque bearing cell junction and transmembrane proteins
- Found in the epithelial tissue of your skin

- Also a plaque bearing junction, allow for the cells to stretch out
- Found in the muscles of the heart
- Contains intermediate filaments

- Half of a desmosome, contains plaque as well
- Help to anchor an underlying cell to a basement membrane

- Cell junction with the most space in between
- Connexons
- Very rapid communication between cells
- Cancer cells do not have this; this is the reason for the out of control growth of cancer cells, because they are not communicating with each other

Found in gap junctions; connect the two PMs; little bridges filled with fluid

- Cells arranged in continuous sheets
- Highly innervated but not vascularized (avascular)
- Numerous cell junctions that securely attach neighboring cells
- High capacity for cell division
- Numerous functions

Epithelial tissue cells have what 3 types of surfaces?

What are the two major types of epithelial tissues?

Arrangement of epithelial cells into layers reflects its location and function, arrangements include:

Type of cell shapes in epithelial tissue:

- Epithelial tissue
- Flat cells, nuclei are centrally located
- Found in the alveoli in the lungs, very thin and allows for diffusion, also in the kidneys for the use of filtration

- Epithelial tissue
- One layer, nuclei are centrally located
- Found where there needs to be absorption and secretion, in the kidneys and in the lining of many ducts

- Epithelial tissue

2 types:
- Non ciliated (has microvilli, found in the small intestine)
- Ciliated (contains cilia, found in the ovary and upper respiratory)

- Epithelial tissue
- All of the nuclei do not reach the apical surface, ciliated
- Found in the trachea

- Epithelial tissue
- 2 layers or more
- Found in places that need protection, lining of the mouth and in the lining of the vagina
- Can be keratinized or nonkeratinized (pap smear test)

Term used to describe older and dead cells

Term used to describe moist, living cells

- Epithelial tissue
- Somewhat rare, mostly found in the ducts of some sweat glands

- Epithelial tissue
- Somewhat rare, found in the ducts of glands
- Function is protection and secretion

- Epithelial tissue
- Can stretch and come back to original shape

_____ is one of the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body

Functions of connective tissue:

- Composed of cells seperated by an extracellular matrix
- Highly vascularized
- Thoroughly innervated
- Catilage and tendons are not highly vascularized or innervated but are still considered to be this kind of tissue

Connective tissue is derived from ______.

Immature connective tissue cells have names that end in ____ and can divide.

Mature connective tissue cells have names that end with _____.

Connective tissue matrix consists of ____________.

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue is made up of ________.

3 types of protein fibers that make up the extracellular matrix of connective tissue:

- Protein fiber
- Most abundant in the body
- Promote strength and flexibility, pliable (easy to work with)
- Come from the protein collagen

- Protein fiber
- Come from protein elastin
- Provide strength and elasticity
- Can stretch up to 150% of their original length
- Found in the lungs

- Protein fiber
- Come from protein collagen
- Give organs strength and framework

Embryonic connective tissue contains:

3 types of loose CT:

- Loose CT
- Several types of cells in it (fibroblast, macrophages, all 3 types of fibers)
- Found in the subcutaneous layer of skin, also in blood vessels

- Loose CT
- Cell fits with adipose and pushes nucleus to the outside of the cell
- Fat

- Loose CT
- Found in lymph nodes
- Binds smooth muscle
- Also found in internal organs, liver, spleen

3 types of Dense CT:

- Dense CT
- Not as vascularized as loose
- Fibroblast lie in between parallel lines of collagen fibers
- Found in tendons

- Dense CT
- Fibers are not praallel
- Fibroblast are scattered among collagen fibers
- Found in areas that need to expand a little bit, heart valves

- Dense CT
- Contain fibroblast that are scattered among elastic fibers
- Found in elastic arteries ( arch of the aorta)

Cartilage contains _______ (cells of mature cartilage) embedded in the ______

_____ can be found at the end of long bones.

3 types of Cartilage:

- Cartilage
- Found at the end of long bones, in your nose, joints
- Most abundant in the body, but not the strongest
- In the joints, reduce friction and abdorb shock

- Cartilage
- Strongest type
- Lacks a perichondrium
- Contains visible bundles of collagen fibers
- Found in intervertebral discs and the menisci of your knee

- Cartilage
- Found in the epiglottis and the external ear
- Contains a network of elastic fibers

Bone (Osseous) Tissue contains ______.

2 types of bone tissue:

Bone tissue that contains haversion canal systems including osteons, lacunae, lamellae, caniliculi, osteocytes

Bone tisse inside the bone; contains trabeculae (spaces)

Liquid connective tissue contains:

2 primary types of membranes:

3 types of epithelial membranes:

- Epithelial membrane
- lines canvities open to the outside (nose)

- Epithelial membrane
- Lines the cavities that have no opening to the outside
- Lines the parietal layer of a cavity

- Epithelial membrane
- Skin

- Membrane
- Contains synovial fluid
- Joints, bursa

Muscular tissue consists of cells, usually called _______ that are specialized to contract and therefore provide motion, maintain posture, and generate heat.

3 types of muscular tissue:

- Muscle tissue
- Striated
- Voluntary
- Multinucleated

- Muscle tissue
- Branched
- Striated
- Involuntary
- Inercalated disc (gives heart rhythmiticity)

- Muscle tissue
- Non striated
- Involuntary (usually)

Nervous tissue consists of 2 major types of cells:

- Part of the nervous tissue
- Detects the stimuli (action potential)

- Part of the nervous tissue
- Contains the nucleus

- Receives messages from neurons in the nervous tissue

- Sends messages away from the cell to the next neuron, or to effectors

Support the neuron in nervous tissues

The extracellular components of tissues, such as ____ and _____, change with age.