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3 Ways the Earth could have formed
Earth was spinning so quickly that a chunk spun off and fell into Earth's orbit
Formed simultaneously
Formed elsewhere and got caught in Earth's orbit
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The Impact Theory
A planet-sized object hit Earth, formed a ring, and then the things in the ring combined and fell into Earth's orbit
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Meteoroid
a celestial body (as small as a speck as large as large...)
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Craters
depressions from the impact of a meteor/ite
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Micrometeoroids
no larger than sand grains
allowed by lack of an atmosphere
major cause of erosion on the moon
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Why do we only see one side of the moon?
(59% because of wobble)
on axis same period as 1 orbit around Earth
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Moon measurements
- Diameter = 3476 km
- 1/4 Earth's
- Density = 3.3 g/cc
- Earth is 5.5 g/cc
Mass = 1/18 Earth's
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Moon Layers
- Iron core
- Partially molten region
- Rigid Lithosphere (1,000 km thick)
- Near side crust (65 km thick) Far side crust (150 km thick)
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Maria
- means "seas" in Latin
- thought basins were filled with water
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Lunar Highlands
light areas
rugged mountains pockmarked with craters
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Dark Areas
great basins and level plains formed when lava spewed up to the surface through factured caused by earlier giant impacts
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Mare Basalts
- fine-grained crystalline rocks
- younger lunar rocks
- 3.1-3.8 billion years old
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Mascons
- higher areas of gravity
- short for "mass concentrations"
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Rille
- Trenchlick valleys running in Maria Bedrock
- Hadley Rille in Mare Imbrium
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Breccia
rocks made of angular fragments cemented together with fine material
- Earth- formed by volcanic eruptions
- Moon- formed by meteoroids impacts that melted rocks together
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Rays
- come out of craters
- consist of shattered rocks and dust from the impact
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Regolith
- loose rock material
- grayoish brown mixture of fine particles and small rocks
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Moon's Orbit
- Rises in the east, sets in the west
- 27 1/3 days to orbit
- Rises above the horizon at a different time each day
- the moon moves 13. eastward along it's orbit so Earth must rotate 13. each day
- Moon rises and sets about 50 minutes later each day
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Perigee
the moon closest to Earth
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Apogee
the moon when it is farthest from Earth
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Moon Phases
- 1. New Moon
- 2. Waxing Crescent
- 3. First Quarter
- 4. Waxing Gibbous
- 5. Full Moon
- 6. Waning Gibbous
- 7. Last Quarter
- 8. Waning Crescent
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Umbra
area of total shadow
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Penumbra
are of a partial shadow surronding the umbra
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Lunar Eclipse
- The moon is fully within Earth's umbra
- 1 per year
Sun Earth Moon
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Total Solar Eclipse
- New Moon Phase
- 1 per year
- The moon's umbra reaches Earth
- Perigee
Sun Moon Earth
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Partial Solar Eclipse
- The moon's umbra goes just above the Earth
- The moon's penumbra skims the top of the Earth
- Perigee
Sun Moon Earth
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Annular Eclipse
- The moon's umbra does not reach the Earth, but it's penumbra does
- Apogee
Sun Moon Earth
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Fusion
nuclei combining of lighter elements to form a heavier element
Hydrogen & Helium
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Plasma
4th State of Matter
- Charged particles (nuclie or ions) with a positive electric charge and electrons, which have a negative charge
- They usually repel each other, but due to their speed, they fuse
Hydrogen & Helium
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Layers of the Sun
- Core 15.6 mil
- Radiative Zone 8 mil
- Convection Zone 1.5-2 mil
- Photosphere 6,000
- Chromosphere 20,000
- Corona 1 mil
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Core
Hydrogen and Helium ions in a plasma state
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Radiative and Convection Zones
- Radiative-
- plasma, but cooler than the core
- Convection-
- rising and falling currents of plasma
- carry energy to the Sun's surface where it is radiated out into space as sunlight
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Photosphere
inc granules
visible surface of the sun
- Granules-
- formed by tops of the currents
- lasts about 20 min
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Chromosphere
inner layer of the sun's atmosphere
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Solar Prominence
- from one sunspot to another
- like an arch
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Corona
- thin outer atmosphere
- a million times less bright than the photosphere
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Sun's Distances from Earth
- 1 AU
- 150 million km
- 93 million mi
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Sunspots
- dark spots on the photosphere
- sunspot cycle- peak every 11 years
- proved that the sun does rotate?
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Solar Wind
- constant stream of electrically charged particles given off by the corona
- deflected by Earth's magnetic field
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Coronal Holes
solar wind comes out of coronal holes
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Solar Flares
outbursts of light
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Auroras
- the particles of solar wind interacting with Earth's atmosphere
- only show in the north and south poles because the magnetic field goes in there
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Geocentric
the Earth is the center of the universe
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Retrograde Motion
when Earth catches up to another planet and goes past it, so it appears that the other planet is going backwards
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Ptolemy
inc epicycles & deferent
- puzzled by retrograde motion
- epicycles- circular orbits
- deferent- larger circular orbit
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Copernicus
inc heliocentric
sun is the center of our solar system
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Kepler's Planetary Motion Laws
- 1. Elliptical (not completely round) orbits
- 2. Equal Area Law
- -the closer to the sun, the faster it's orbit
- 3. Harmonic Law
- -P2=D3
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Gravity Law
every mass exerts a force of attraction on every other mass, and the strength of that force is proportional to the masses and inversely proportional to the disrance between them
Isaac Newton
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