Workshop 9.txt

the period of time between the first acute event that triggered an acidosis state and the time point where insulin secretion goes below the critical threshold (in type 1 DM)

insulin resistance, increase in insulin release, maintain normal blood glucose levels

beta-cell degradation, insulin secretion is lowered, glucose levels begin to rise

severe beta-cell exhaustion, severe increase in blood glucose levels

• breakdown of tissue proteins
• gluconeogenesis
• liver glycogenolysis
• liver output of glucose
• lipolysis
• FFA in plasma
• beta-oxidation
• ketogenesis
• hepatic VLDL production

• glucose uptake by tissues
• VLDL clearance by LPL

GIP and GLP-1

amplifies glucose stimulated release of insulin (does not affect insulin secretion when glucose levels are not elevated)

• increases levels of insulin in response to a meal (secreted from L-cells of intestine, released within minutes of eating)
• patients with type 2 DM have low levels of GLP-1

• 1. inhibits beta-cell apoptosis
• 2. promotes beta-cell growth
• 3. increased insulin
• 4. decreased glucagon
• 5. inhibits appetite
• 6. delays gastric emptying