BIO109_CH4

is a group of cells of similar type that work together to serve a common function.

Epithelial tissue; Connective tissue; Muscle tissue, and; Nervouse tissue

Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities and organs, and forms glands.

serves as storage site for fat, plays an important role in immunity, and provides the body and its organs with protection and support.

is responsible for body movement and for movement of substances through the body.

conducts nerve impulses from one part of the body to another.

FREE Surface and BASEMENT Membrane.

may be specialized for PROTECTION, SECRETION, or ABSORPTION.

is a non-cellular layer THAT BINDS the epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue and, helps the epithelial tissue RESIST STRETCHING.

SQUAMOUS; CUBOIDAL, AND ; COLUMNAR

is made up of flattened, or scale-like, cells. These cells form linings--inthe blood vessels or lungs, for instance--where their flattened shape allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse across the lining easily. In blood vessels, the smooth surface of the blood vessel lining reduces friction.

is made up of cube-shaped cells. Cuboidal cells are found in many GLANDS and in the LINING of KIDNEY tubules, where they PROVIDE some PROTECTION and are specialized for SECRETION and ABSORPTION.

consisting of elongated, column-shaped cells, have numerous small, fingerlike folds on their exposed surfaces, greatly increasing the surface area for absorption. The goblet cells of this lining produce mucus to ease the passage of food and protect teh cells of the lining.

a single layer of cells.

serves a protective role, because its multiple layers provide additinal thickness that makes it more difficult for molecules to pass through

is epithelial tissue that secretes a product.

Exocrine Glands and Endocrine Glands

secrete their products into ducts leading to body surfaces, cavities, or organs. Ex. of it is the glands that produce DIGESTIVE ENZYMES, MILK GLANDS, and the OIL and SWEAT GLANDS of the skin.

lack ducts and secrete their products, hormones, into spaces just outside the cells. Ultimately, hormones diffuse into the bloodstream and are carried thoughout the body.

the body's glue; common role is to bind (tendons and ligaments) and support the other tissue (cartilage and bone). Transporter of blood and Energy storage (adipose tissue). It is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body. All connective tissue contain cells embedded in an exracellular MATRIX.

consists of protein fibers and noncellular material called GROUND SUBSTANCE.

may be solid (as in bone), fluid (as in blood), or gelatinous (as in cartilage).

Collagen fibers; Elastic fibers, and; Reticular fibers.

are strong and ropelike and can withstand pulling because of their great tensile strength.

contain random coils and can stretch and recoil like a spring. Common in structures where great elasticity is needed, including the SKIN, LUNGS, and BLOOD VESSELS.

are thin strands of collagen that branch extensively, forming interconnecting networks suitable for supporting soft tissues (for ex.: they support the liver and spleen).

produced (in the connective tissue) all the three types of PROTEIN FIBERS (collagen, elastic, and reticular) and also repair tears in body tissue.

LOOSE and DENSE connective tissues differ in teh ratio of cells to extracellular fibers.

contains many cells but has fewer and more loosely woven fibers that are seen in the matrix of dense connective tissue. Ex: AREOLAR and ADIPOSE

functions as universal packing material between other tissues; embedded in a gelatinous matrix that is soft and easily shaped; found between muscles where it permits one muscle to move freely over another; anchors the skin to underlying tissues and organs.

contains cells that are specilized for fat storage.

forms strong bands because of its large amount of tightly woven fibers. it is found in LIGAMENTS (structures that join bone to bone), TENDONS (structures that join muscle to bone), and the DERMIS (layer of skin below the epidermis).

comes in three types: CARTILAGE, BONE, and BLOOD

tough and flexible tissue; serves as cushioning between certain bones and helps maintain the structure of certain body parts, including the ears and nose; lacks blood vessels and nerves;

a cells in cartilage that sits within spaces in the matrix called LACUNAE.

HYALINE cartilage, ELASTIC cartilage, and FIBRO cartilage

the most abundant, provides support and flexibility; contains numerous cartilage cells in matrix of collagen fibers and bluish white, gel-like ground substance; commonly known as GRISLE; located at the ends of long bones, where it allows one bone to slide easily over another; also forms part of the NOSE, RIBS, LARYNX, and TRACHEA.

is more flexible than hyaline cartilage bcoz of the large amounts of wavy elastic fibers in its matrix; found in external EAR, where it provides strength and elasticity.

contains fewer cells than either hyaline or elastic cartilage; like hyaline cartilage, its matrix contains collagen fibers; forms a cushioning layer in the knee joint as well as the outer part of the shock-absorbing disks between the vertebrae of the spine; it is made withstand pressure.

in combination w/ cartilage and other components of joints, makes up the skeletal system; is a living, actively metabolizing tissue w/ a good blood supply that promotes prompt healing.

protection and support for internal structures; movement, in conjunction w/ muscles; storage of lipids (in yellow marrow), calcium, and phosphorus; and production of blood cells (in red marrow).

consisting of a liquid matrix, called PLASMA , in which so-called formed elements (cells and cell fragments called PLATELETS) are suspended; found w/in blood vessels; transports nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes; fights infections.

to transport various substances, many of which are dissolved in the plasma.

RBC (Red Blood Cells), WBC (White Blood Cells), and PLATELETS

transport oxygen to cells and also carries some of the carbon dioxide away from cells.

helps fight infection.

helps with blood clotting.

is composed of muscle cells (or, muscle fibers) that contract when stimulated.

• 1. Skeletal
• 2. Cardiac
• 3. Smooth

is usually attached to bones; under conscious control, it is described as VOLUNTARY MUSCLE; long, cylindrical-shaped cells, each containing several nuclei; have striations, which are alternating light and dark bands visible under a light microscope.

are caused by the orderly arrangement of the contractile proteins actin and myosin, w/c interact to cause muscle contraction.

is found ONLY in the WALLS of the HEART, where its contractions are responsible for pumping blood to the rest of the body; considered INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE; resemble branching cylinders and have striations and typically only one nucleus.

is a VOLUNTARY muscle and is found in the walls of blood vessels and airways, where its contraction reduces the flow of blood or air; also found in the walls of organs such as: stomach, intestines, and bladder, where it aids in mixing and propelling good through the digestive tract and in eliminating waste; contains single nucleus, and lacks striations.

makes up the nervous system: BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, and NERVES. Consists of TWO general cell types: NEURONS and NEUROGLIA (accessory cells)

generate and conduct nerve impulses, w/c they conduct to other neurons, muscle cells, or glands; have three (3) parts: cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

• 1. Cell Body
• 2. Dendrites
• 3. Axon

houses the nucleus and most organelles.

are highly branched processes that provide a large surface area for the reception of signals from other neurons.

a long extension that usually conducts impulses away from the cell body.

support, insulate, and protect neurons; increase rate at w/c impulses are conducted by neurons and provide neurons w/ nutrients from nearby blood vessels.

• 1. Tight Junctions
• 2. Adhesion Junctions
• 3. Gap Junctions

• * creates an impermeable junction that prevents the exchange of materials betweens cells.
• * found between epithelial cells of the digestive tract, where they prevent digestive enzymes and micro organisms from entering the blood.

• * Holds cells together despite stretching.
• * Found in tissues that are often stretched, such as the skin and the opening of the uterus.

• *Allow cells to communicate by allowing small molecules and ions to pass from cell to cell.
• *Found in epithelia in w/c the movement of ions coordinates functions, such as the beating of cilia; found in excitable tissue such as heart and smooth muscle.

• *Protects underlying tissues
• *Provides skin sensation
• *Helps regulate body temp.
• *Synthesizes vitamin D

• *Attachment for muscles
• *Protects organs
• *Stores calcium and phosphorous
• *Produces blood cells

• *Moves body and maintain posture.
• *Internal transport of fluids.
• *Generation of heat.

Regulates and integrates body functions via neurons.

Regulates and integrates body functions via hormones.

• *Transport nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, and heat.
• *Transport immune cells and antibodies.
• *Transport hormones.
• *Regulates pH.

• *Returns tissue fluids to bloodstream.
• *Protects against infection and disease.

Exhanges respiratory gases with the environment.

• *Physical and chemical breakdown of food.
• *Absorbs, processes, and stores food.

Maintains constant internal environment through the excretion of nitrogenous waste.

• *Produces and secretes hormones.
• *Produces and releases egg and sperm cells.
• *Houses embryo/fetus (females only).

is a structure composed to two or more different tissues that work together to perform a specific function

• *Protect the vital organs from being damaged.
• *Allow organs to slide past one another and change shape.
• *Two main body cavities: Ventral and Dorsal

• *Thoracic (chest)
• *Abdominal

• *Pleural Cavity, house the LUNGS and;
• *Pericardial Cavity, which holds the HEART.

• *Digestive System
• *Urinary System
• *Reproductive System

a muscle sheet that separate the Thoracic and Abdominal cavities.

• *Cranial Cavity, w/c encloses the BRAIN, and,
• *Spinal Cavity, w/c houses the SPINAL CORD.

Membranes form physical barriers that protect underlying tissues. The body has 4 types of membranes: MUCOUS, SEROUS, SYNOVIAL, and CUTANEOUS.

line passage ways that open to the exterior of the body, such as those of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary system.

line the Thoracic and Abdominal cavities and the organs w/in them. They secrete a fluid that lubricates the organs w/in these cavities.

line the cavities freely movable joints, such as the knee. These membranes secrete a fluid that lubricates the joint, easing movement.

covers the outside of the body. Unlike other membranes, it is thick, relatively waterproof, and relatively dry; has two principal layers: EPIDERMIS & DERMIS

thin, outer layer, forms a protective barrier against environmental hazards.

inner layer, contains blood vessels, nerves sweat and oil glands, duct of sweat glands, sensory structures, and hair follicles.

a layer of loose connective tissue which anchors the skin to the tissues of other organ systems that lie beneath the skin.

a pigment; is produced by cells called melanocytes at the base of the epidermis

• * yellow-to-red form
• * black-to-brown form

is an inherited condition in which an individual's melanocytes are incapable of producing melanin.

is a condition in w/c melanocytes disappear either partially or completely from certain areas of the skin, leaving white patches in their wake.

• 1. Receptor
• 2. Control Center
• 3. Effector

detects change in the internal or external environment. A receptor , in this context, is a sensor that monitors the environment. When the receptor detects a change in some factor or event--some variable--it sends that information to the control center.

determines the factor's set point--the level or range that is normal for the factor in question. The control center integrates information coming from all the pertinent receptors and selects an appropriate response. In most of the body's homeostatic systems, the control center is located in the brain.

often a muscle, or gland, carries out the selected response.

the body's temperature control center.