MS1, Block 2 ANS

Located in the IML from T1-L2 or L3

exit through the ventral roots, and course to the sympathetic ganglia via the white rami communicantes.

located in the sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral ganglia) that lie close to the spinal cord, and the more distant prevertebral ganglia

extend from neck to the coccyx, even though the axons that course in them originate only from T1-L2 or L3

named for the spinal nerve they are in

the superior cervical ganglion is the fusion of what ganglia

THe middle cervical ganglion is the fusion of what ganglia

The stellate ganglion is the fusione of what ganglia

thoracolumbardivision of nervous system

What helps the sympathetic nervous system produce widespread mass response?

ganglia that lie along the major branches of the aorta

named after the artery they are close to.
celiac ganglion
superior mesenteric ganglion
inferior mesenteric ganglion

Cell bodies are located in sympathetic ganglia
unmyelinated axons
innervate effector organs via gray rami communicantes

secrete NE unless they innervate eccrine sweat glands where the secrete ____

located in adrenal medulla
receive innervation from preganglionic sympathetic neurons
They secrete _______(80%) and _____(20%)

located in either the brain or the spinal cord
myelinated axons
release ACh

Located either directly on the effector organ or in close proximity to the effector organ

unmyelinated and usually located on effector organ.
Release ACh as the neurotransmitter

Converts choline and acetyl CoA to acetylcholine.

degrades ACh. Choline is taken back upinto the nerve terminal for reuse

Classes of cholinergic receptors

Excites neuromuscular junction
excites sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons at autonomic ganglia

inhibites or excites effector organs depending on organ

subtype of muscarinic receptor located in the heart and smooth mm

subtype of muscarinic receptor located everywhere in the periphery

subtype of muscarinic receptor located in the brain

Antagonist to Neuromuscular junction

antagonist to autonomic ganglia of nicotinic receptors

Antagonist to muscarinic receptors

____ is release as a hormone from chromaffin cells but NOT from sympathetic postganglionic nerves.

synthesized from tyrosine.
Can be taken up and reused by nerve terminal
undergo extraneuronal uptake
or be metabolized into inactive substances

NE is converted to ____ in the chromaffin cells

found on effector organs or tissues and mediate the effects of released NE or the actions of circulating epinephrine

Agonist of the alpha adrenergic receptors

Antagonist of the alpha adrenergic receptors

Agonist of beta adrenergic receptors

Antagonist of B1and B2 adrenergic receptors

excitatory except in GI where they are inhibitory

Primary receptor on effector organs and tissues mediating excititatory effects except in GI

located on presynaptic noradrenergic terminals and act as autoreceptors
Extra neural release of norepinephrine is inhibited

Produce inhibitory effects except in the heart, where they produce excitatory effects

Receptors found in heart
excites heart increasing HR, Force of contraction, Conduction Velocity

receptors located on most organs and mediate the dilator and inhibitory effects of beta-adrenergic receptor activation.

receptors located primarily in brown adipose tissue and are excited by circulating Epi
Mediate lipolysis when excited
does not follow rules

True or false
there is almost always some autonomic nerve activity from both the SNS and PNS a=under all types of conditions
True False

Eyes Sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Eyes parasympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Heart SA node, AV node, Atria, Ventricles Sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Heart SA node, AV node, Atria, Ventricles parasympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Blood vessels, coronary arteriole sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Blood vessels, skin arterioles sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Blood vessels, skeletal mm arterioles sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Blood vessels, abdominal viscera arterioles sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Blood vessels, veins sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Lungs, bronchial mm is sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Lungs, bronchial mm is parasympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

GI tract, Salivary glands are sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

GI tract, Salivary glands are parasympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

GI tract, motility is sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

GI tract, motility is parasympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Urinary system, kidneys are sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Urinary system, Bladder Wall are sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Urinary system, Bladder Wall are parasympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Urinary system, Bladder sphincter are sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Urinary system, Bladder sphincter are parasympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Reproductive tract, male is sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Reproductive tract, male is parasympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Sweat glands, eccrine (thermoregulation) are sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Sweat glands, apocrine (axillae, pubic region) are sympathetically controlled by?receptor and response

Metabolism, Pancreas, exocrine glands are sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Metabolism, Pancreas, exocrine glands are parasympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Metabolism, Pancreas, endocrine glands are sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Metabolism, Fat cells are sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Metabolism, Liver are sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Metabolism, Gall Bladder is sympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Metabolism, Gall Bladder is parasympathetically controlled by?
receptor and response

Non-innervated receptors stimulated by circulating Epi or NE

Non-innervated receptors located on blood vessels

Reflex used to control short term changes in blood pressure. back to homeostasis hopefully

Located in carotid sinus (at bifurcation where carotid artery divides into internal and external carotid arteries) and the aortic arch,

Sequence of baroreflex for acute increase in blood pressure
Increase BP -->increase activity in baroreceptor --> increase activity in _A__--> increase activity in __B__ --> __C__ activity of RVLM--->decrease ____D__ ___---> decrease BP --> __E_ activity in nucleus ambiguus ---> increase __F__ ___ to heart ---> decrease HR --> decrease BP

sequence of baroreflex

Increase in tonic level of sympathetic tone to heart or blood vessels causes?

A tumor of the chromaffin cells in the adrenal gland and causes hypertension

Drop in arterial pressure of 30mmHg or more upon standing, caused by inadequate reflex control of BP

Loss of sympathetic innervation to head. damage somewhere in path from hypothalamus to spinal cord and back up to the head
Miosis (pupil gets smaller)
Ptosis (eyelid droops)
Anhydrosis (loss of sweating)

Occurs in diabetics due to degeneration of small nerve fibers.
impaired swallowing
delayed gastric emptying
diarrhea
orthostatic hypotension
bladder dysfunction
erectile dysfunction (unless female)

Patients with spainal cord lesion at T6 or above may develop this
Extremely high BP
Multiple stimuli can evoke the hypertension (autonomic dysreflexia) such as:
bladder distension
colon distention
rectum distension
touching lower abdomen
pregnancy
Due to rewiring after spinal cord injury