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digestion
breakdown of food
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absorption
process of extracting nutrients
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elimination
excretion of waste products
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alimentary canal
refers to the tubelike nature of the digestive system, starting with the mouth and continuing in the varying diamters to the anus
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peristalsis
wavelike movement to move food through the tract
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gastroenterology
digestie system speciality
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proctologist
treat disorders of the rectum
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oral cavity
intial breakdown the food mechanically by chewing (mastication) and lubricate food to make swallowing (deglutition) easier
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hard palate
anterior portion
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soft palate
posterior protion
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food enters through the mouth or....
oral cavity
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nasopharynx
most superior part of the pharynx (throat)
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hypopharynx
part of the throat, directly adjacent to the oral cavity
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esophagus
muscular, mucus lined tube that extends from the thorat to the stomach
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bolus
masticated lump of food
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the muscle that must relax before the food enters the stomach is known by 3 names:
lower esphogeal sphincter (LES), gastroesophoeal sphincter or the cardiac sphicter
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stomach
expandable vessel
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stomach is divided into 3 sections
fundus, body and pylorus
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cardia
portion of the stomach that surrounds the esophogeal gastric connection
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fundus
area of the stomach that abrupts the diaphragm
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corporis
central part of the stomach
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Pyloric sphincter
regulates the gentle release of food from the stomach into the small intestines
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rugae
ridges or wrinkles of the stomach
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chyme
food mix with gastric juices
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parts of the small intestines
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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plicae
multiple circular folds in the small intestines
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ileocecal
valve that exits from the small intestines and the entrance of the colon
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cecum
first part of large intestines
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vermiform appendix
wormlike appendage
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adnexa
accessory structures
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bile
substance formed by the liver which emulsifies or mechanically breaks down fats
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bilirubin
composed from bile, and is the waste product formed by the normal breakdown of hemogloin in the red blood cells
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gallbladder
biles storage location
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cholecystokinin
hormone secreted causing the contraction of the galbladder to move bile out into the cystic duct, then the common bile duct and finally into duodenum
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pancreas
gland that involves the digestion CHO, PRO and lipids
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dyspepsia
feeling of epigastric discomfort (indigestion)
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eructation
release of air from the stomach through the mouth (burp)
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halitosis
bad smelling breath
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hermatemesis
vomiting of blood
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hiccup
involuntary contraction of the digaphram
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nausea
senation that accompanies the urge to vomit but doesnt always lead to it
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regurgitation
return of swallowed food to the mouth
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vomiting
forcible or involuntary emptying of the stomach through the mouth
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constipation
inrequeent, incomplete or delayed bowel movement
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diarrhea
abnormal dicharge of watery, semisolid stool
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hemotochezia
bright red, frank lower GI bleeding from the rectum
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irritable bowel syndrom (IBS)
digarrhea, gas and or constipation resulting from stress with no underlying disease
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melena
black, tarry stools caused bye the presence of partially digested blood
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cleft palate
failure of the plate to close during the embryotic development
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espoghageal atresia
esophogus that ends in a blind pouch and therefore lacks an opening to the stomach
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hirschsprung disease
congenital absence of normal nervous function in part of the colon
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pyloric stenosis
condition in which the muscle between the stomach and the small intestines narrows or fails to open adequately to allow partially digestd food into the duodenum
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aphthous stomatitis
recurring condition charcaterized by small erosions (ulcers) which appear on the mucous membranes of the mouth (canker sore)
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cheilitis
inflammation of the lips
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cheilosis
abnormal condition of the lips present in riboflavin deficiency
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dental plaque
film of matieral that coats the teeth and may lead to dental decay if not removed
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gingivitis
inflammatory dieseas of the gums
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herpetic stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) aka cold sore/fever blister
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leukoplakia
condition of white patches tht may appear on the lips and buccal mucosa
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malocclusion
condition of which the teeth do not touch properly when the mouth is closed
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peridontal disease
pathologic condtion of the tissues surrounding the teeth
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pyorrhea
purulent discharge from the tissue surrounding the teeth
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achalasia
impairment of espogheal peristalsis along with lower esophogeal sphincer's inability to relax
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dyspagia
difficulty swallowing that may be due to the obstruction of a motor disorder
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gastroesopheal refux disease (GERD)
flowing back or return of the contents of the stomach to the esophagus caused by inability of the LES to contact normally
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gastralgia/gastrodynia
gastric pain
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gastritis
inflammation of the stomach
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pepti ulcer disease (PUD)
an erosion of the protective mucus lining of the stomach or duodenum (gastric or duodenal ulcer)
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anal fissure
cracklike lesion of the skin around the anus
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anorectal abscess
circumscribed area of inflammation in the anus or rectum, containing pus
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appendicitis
inflammation of the veriform appendix
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colitis
inlfammation of the large intestines
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Crohn disease
inflammation of the ileum or the colon that is idiopathic origin
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diverticulitis
inflammation occurring secondary to the occurrences of diverticulosis
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diverticulosis
development of diverticula, pouches in the lining of the colon
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fistula
abnormal channel between the organs or from an internal organ to the surface of the body
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hemorrhoid
varicose vein in the lower rectum or anus
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inflammatory bowel movement (IBD)
chronic inflammation of the lining of the intestines charactherized by bleeding and diarrhea
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intussesception
inward telescoping of the intestines
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mucositis
inflammation of the mucous membranes
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peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum that most commpnly occurs when an inflamed appendix ruptures
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polyp
benign growth that may occur in the intestines
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proctitis/rectitis
inflammation of the rectum and the anus
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pruritus ani
common chronic condiiton of itching of the skin surrounding the anus
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ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon and recutm manifesting with bouts of profuse watery diarrhea
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volvulus
twsting of the intestines
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cholangitis
inflammation of the bile vessels
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cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
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choledocholithiasis
presence of stones in the common bile duct
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cholelithiasis
presence of stone in the gallbladder, sometimes characterized by right upper quadrant pain (biliary colic) with nausea and vomiting
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cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of the lover, most commonly associated with alcohol abuse
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hepatitis
Inflammation disease of the liver that is caused by an increasing number of viruses, alcohol, and drugs. Currently named by letter, hepatitis A-G, that means of viral transmission is not the same for each form.
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hepatitis A
Virus transmitted through direct contact with fecally contaminated food
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hepatitis B
virus transmitted through contaminated blood or sexual contact
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hepatitis C
virus transmitted through blood transfusion, percutaneous incoculation, or sharing of infected needles.
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jaundice
yellowing of the skin and scleare (white of the eyes) caused by evaluated levels of bilirubin
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pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
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femoral hernia
protrusion of a loop of intestine through the femoral canal into the groin
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hiatal hernia
protrusion of a portion of the stomach through the diaphragm
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incarcerated hernia
loop of bowel with ends occluded so tat solids cannot pass; herniated bowel can become strangulated.
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inguinal hernia
protrusion of a loop of intestine into the inguinal canal
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strangulation
constriction of a tubular structure, including intestines, leading to impedance of circulation.
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umbilical hernia
protrusion of the intestine and omentum through a weakness in the abdominal wall
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cystadenoma
glandular tumors that are filled with cysts, these are the most common benign tumors in the pancreas
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hemangioma
the most common type of benign tumor, these are tumors of the blood vessels
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leiomyoma
smooth muscle tumor that may occur in the digestive tract
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odontogenic tumor
bengin tumor that arise around the teeth and jaw
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polyps, adenomatous or hyperplastic
adenomatous (growth that arise from glandular tissue, have potential to become malignant) or hyperplastic (generally, small growths that have no tendency to become malignant) tumors occurring throughout the digestive tract. Polyps may be sessile (flat) or pedunculated (having a stalk)
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adenocarcinoma
a malignant tumor of epithelial origin that either originates from the glandular tissue or has a glandular appeearance
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hepatocellular carcinoma/hepatoma
malginant tumors of the epithelial origin that orginate in the liver cells
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squamous cells carcinoma
cancers that have a scalelike appearance
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barium enema (BE)
introduction of a barium sulfate suspension through the rectum for imaging of the lower digestive tract to detect tumors and abnormal.
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barium swallow (BaS)
radiographic imaging done after oral ingestion of a barium sulfate suspension
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cholangiography
radiological procedure that captures images of the common bile vessel through injection of a contrast medium into the bile duct
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computeted tomography (CT scan)
radiographic technique that produces detailed images of "slices" or cross sections of the body
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endoscopy
internal visualization of the body with an endoscope
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fluoroscopy
xray procedure that allows visualization of structures in real time on a monitor screen
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manometry
test that measures the motor function of the esophogus
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sonography
use of high-freq. sound waves to image deep structures of the body
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biopsy
removal and examinaiton of living tissue for diagnostic purposes
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gamma-glutamly transferase (GGT)
blood test to detect increased enzymes that can indicate cirrhosis
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stool culture
fecal exam to test for microorganims in the feces such as worms, bacteria etc
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stool guaic, hemoccult test
fecal specimen exam to detect hidden blood, which may indicate GI bleeding
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total bilirubin
detect jaundice
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anatomosis
new connection created between 2 hollow structures
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colostomy
surgical redirection of the bowel to a stoma, an artificial opening of the abdominal wall
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enema
method of introducing a solution into the rectum for the therapeutic relief on constipation
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gastrectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the stomach
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gastric gavage
feeding through a tube in the stomach
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hemorrhoidectomy
surgical excision of hemorroids
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herniorrhaphy
hernia repair
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herperalimentation
theraputic use of nutritonal supplements that exceed recommended daily requirements
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laparoscopic surgery
surgery done through several small incisions in the abdominal wall with the aid of an instrument called a laparascope
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laparotomy
any surgical incision in the adbominal wall for the purpose of an operative apprach or for explaoratory purposes
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ligation
tying off a blood vessel or duct
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lysis or adhesions
surgical destruction of adhesions
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nasogastric intubation
placement of a tube from the nose, down the back of the throat, then into the stomach for the purpose of enteral feeding or removing of gastric contents
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odontectomy
removal of a tooth
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polyectomy
removal of a sessile or pedunculated polyp
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stomatoplasty
surgical rempair of the mouth
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