-
More active during activities and is involved with the fight or flight response. Excitation of this expends bodily stores of energy
sympathetic nervous system
-
Is more active at rest, involved in digesting a meal and divesting waste products. Excitation of this activates bodily processes that conserve or replenish bodily stores of energy.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
-
Sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems are part of what
Autonomic Nervous system in the peripheral nervous system.
-
ANS is in charge of maintaining?
homeostasis
-
Neurons that go to an organ
efferent neurons
-
Myelinated, cell bodies are in CNS, secrete ACh as neurotransmitter
Preganglionic neurons
-
unmyelinated, located outside of CNS, secrete ACh or NE as neurotransmitter
postganglionic neurons
-
In charge of detecting mechanical stretch (mechanoreceptors), osmotic conditions (osmoreceptors), levels of various chemical substances (chemoreceptors). From internal environment of the body.
sensory neurons
-
Recieves and integrates the various sensory signals from the internal environment, then sends signals to the motor neurons to make necessary adjustments.
Central Nervou ssystem
-
Only uses ACh, Nicotine receptors, and is only excitatory
Somatic Nervous Systems
-
innervates smooth and cardiac mm, glands, and GI neurons
Uses ACh and NE
Has Muscarinic and Adrenergic receptors
can be excitatory or inhibitory
Autonomic Nervous System
-
More of these than Motor neurons
Afferent (sensory) neurons
-
Located in intermediolateral nucleus (IML), exit spinal cord through ventral roots
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons
-
IML is in the?
thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the spinal cord (T1-L2 or L3)
-
Located in the ---- chain ganglia (paravertebral ganglia) that lie close to the spinal cord, and the more distant prevertebral ganglia.
sympathetic ganglia (they extend from the neck to the coccyx)
-
Ganglia are named according to?
their spinal nerves
-
superior cervical ganglion is th fusion of what ganglia
C1-C4
-
Middle cervical ganglion is the fusion of what ganglia
C5-C6
-
Stellate ganglion is the fusion of what ganglia
C7-T1
-
What causes widespread activation of the sympathetic nervous system?
Preganglionic axon can diverge to innervate up to 200 postganglionic neurons.
-
ganglia that lie along major branches of aorta
named according to artery close to
- prevertebral ganglia
- (ex. celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, and inferior mesenteric ganglion)
-
located in sympathetic ganglia
extend to innervate the effector organs via the gray rami communicantes
postganglionic sympathetic neurons
-
postganglionic sympathetic neurons usually secrete ______ except for in the _____ where they secrete ________
NE eccrine sweat glands ACh
-
located in adrenal medulla
innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons
secrete ______ and _____
- chromaffin cells
- secrete Epi and NE
-
Thoracolumbar division
Sympathetic Nervous system
-
Craniosacral division
parasympathetic nervous system
-
located either directly on the effector organ or in close proximity to the effector organ
parasympathetic ganglia
-
unmyelinated and usually located on the effector organ.
release ACh as the neurotransmitter
postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
-
cholinergic transmitter
ACh
-
Enzyme that converts choline and acetyl CoA to Acetylcholine
choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
-
ACh is released following arrival of ____ at the nerve terminal
Action Potential
-
What enzyme stops ACh action
- acetylcholinesterase (AChase)
- Choline is taken back up for reuse
-
Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are stimulated by?
ACh
-
_____ receptors are stimulated by ___ doses of nicotine and inhibited by ____ doses of nicotine
Nicotinic low high
-
Can inhibit or excite effector organ
atropine is antagonist
muscarinic receptors (M1-5)
-
subtype of Muscarinic receptor that is in the heart, and other smooth mm
M2
-
subtype of Muscarinic receptor located everywhere in the periphery
M3
-
subtype of Muscarinic receptor located in the brain
M1-5 all of them
-
Antagonist of Neuromuscular Junction (nicotinic)
Curare
-
Antagonist of all autonomic ganglia
- Trimethaphan (Arfonad)
- Hexamethonium
-
Antagonist of the Muscarinic receptors
Atropine
-
Adrenegic refers to
Hormones released
-
synthesized from tyrosine and packaged into vesicles
taken up into nerve terminal and reused
Norepinephrine
-
Ways to terminate NE action (4)
- Reuptake into nerve terminal (most common)
- diffuse away from nerve terminal
- can undergo extraneuronal uptake
- be metabolized into inactive substances
-
Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla convert ___ into ___
NE (80%) Epi (20%)
-
Found on organs or tissues, and mediate the effects of released norepinephrine or the actions of circulating epinephrine
Adrenergic receptors
-
Agonist of Alpha adrenergic receptors (A1 and A2)
Phenylephrine (Neosynephrine)
-
Antagonist of A1 and A2 adrenergic receptors
Phentolamine (Regitone)
-
Agonist of B1-3 Adrenergic receptors
Isoproterenol (Isuprel)
-
Alpha receptors are _____ except in the ___ where they produce ______ effects.
Excitatory Gastrointestinal (GI) tract Inhibitory
-
The primary receptor on effector organs and tissues mediating alpha-adrenergic receptors.
Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors
-
Located on effector organs and tissue
located on presynaptic noradrenergic terminals and act as autoreceptors
Release of NE inhibits more release of NE
Alpha 2 receptors
-
____ receptors _____ except in the ____ where they ____
Beta inhibit heart excite
-
Found primarily in heart exciting them
higher HR, force of contraction and Conduction Velocity
Beta 1
-
located on most organs
mediate the dilator and inhibitory effects of beta-adrenergic receptor activation
Beta 2
-
located primarily in brown adipose tissue
are excited by circulating epinephrine
When stimulated, these receptors mediate lipolysis
Breaks rules
Beta 3
-
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems work together to produce an effect. (HR)
Functional synergism
-
basal resting nerve activity
tonic activity
-
Eyes Sympathetic receptor and response?
A1 --> mydriasis (contract radial mm)
-
Eyes Parasympathetic receptor and response
muscarinic--> miosis (contract circular mm)
-
Heart SA node, AV node, Atria, and ventricles parasympathetic receptor and response
B1 --> increase HR, conductivity velocity, contractility
-
Heart SA node, AV node, Atria, and ventricles sympathetic receptor and response
muscarinic --> decrease HR, conductivity velocity, contractility (slightly, according to Blair)
-
Blood vessels Arterioles Coronary sympathetic receptor and response
- Alpha 1 and 2 constrict
- Beta 2 dilate
-
Blood vessels Arterioles skin sympathetic receptor and response
Alpha 1 and 2 constrict
-
Blood vessels Arterioles skeletal mm sympathetic receptor and response
- Alpha 1 --> constrict
- Beta 2 --> dilate
-
Blood vessels Arterioles Abdominal viscera sympathetic receptor and response
Alpha 1 constrict
-
Blood vessels Veins sympathetic receptor and response
- Alpha 1 and 2 --> constrict
- Beta 2 --> dilate
-
Lungs bronchial mm sympathetic receptor and response
Beta 2 --> dilate
-
Gastrointestinal tract salivary sympathetic receptor and response
- Alpha 1 --> increase watery secretion
- Beta --> increase enzyme secretion
-
Lungs bronchial mm parasympathetic receptor and response
muscarinic --> constrict
-
Gastrointestinal tract salivary parasympathetic receptor and response
muscarinic increases watery secretions
-
Gastrointestinal tract motility sympathetic receptor and response
Alpha 1 and 2 and Beta 2 --> decrease
-
Gastrointestinal tract motility parasympathetic receptor and response
muscarinic --> increase
-
Urinary system kidneys sympathetic receptor and response
- Beta 1 --> increase renin secretion
- Alpha 1 --> decrease renin secretion
-
Urinary system bladder wall sympathetic receptor and response
Beta 2 --> relax (not important)
-
Urinary system bladder wall parasympathetic receptor and response
muscarinic --> contract
-
Urinary system bladder sphincter sympathetic receptor and response
Alpha1 --> contract
-
Urinary system bladder sphincter parasympathetic receptor and response
muscarinic --> relax
-
Reproductive tract male sympathetic receptor and response
Alpha 1 --> ejaculation
-
Reproductive tract male parasympathetic receptor and response
muscarinic --> erection
-
Sweat glands eccrine (thermoregulation) sympathetic receptor and response
muscarinic --> secretion
-
Sweat glands apocrine (axillae, pubic region) sympathetic receptor and response
Alpha 1 --> secretion
-
Metabolism Pancreas exocrine glands sympathetic receptor and response
Alpha --> decrease secretion
-
Metabolism Pancreas exocrine glands parasympathetic receptor and response
muscarinic --> increase secretion
-
Metabolism Pancreas endocrine glands sympathetic receptor and response
Alpha 2 --> decrease secretion
-
Metabolism Pancreas exocrine glands (Beta cells) sympathetic receptor and response
Beta 2 --> increase secretion
-
Metabolism Fat cells sympathetic receptor and response
- Alpha 1, Beta 1-3 --> increase Lipolysis
- Alpha 2 --> decrease lipolysis
-
Liver sympathetic receptor and response
Alpha 1, Beta 2 --> glycogenoliysis, gluconeogenesis
-
Metabolism Gall Bladder sympathetic receptor and response
Beta 2 --> relax
-
Metabolism Gall Bladder parasympathetic receptor and response
muscarinic --> contract
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