POLS Exam 3

Organizations that seek to achieve some of their goals by influencing government decision making

The ways in which our lives are improved in many ways by social connections

A theory that hold policy making is a competition among diverse interest groups that ensure the representation of individual interests

A theory that holds that a group of wealthy, educated individuals wields most political power

Motivation to join an interest group based on the companionship and the satisfaction derived from socializing with others that it offers

Motivation to join an interest group based on the belief in the group�s cause from an ideological or a moral standpoint

Motivation to join an interest group because the group works for policies that will provide members with material benefits

A group that raises and spends money in order to influence the outcome of an election

Interest groups that represent collective groups of industries or corporations

Outcomes shared by the general public; also called public groups

The phenomenon of someone deriving benefit from others� actions

The idea that from an economic perspective it is not rational for people to participate in collective action when they can secure the collective good without participating

To communicate directly with policy makers on the interest group�s behalf

The fluid web of connections among those concerned about a policy and those who create and administer the policy

The interaction of mutual interests among members of Congress, executives agencies, and organized interests during policy making

The practice of using public outreach to build favorable public opinion of the organization

Working to influence the elections of candidates who support the organization�s issues

An organization that recruits, nominates, and elects party members to office in order to control the government

The formal statement of a party�s principle and policy objectives

Political scientists� view that a function of a party is to offer a clear choice to voters by establishing priorities or policy stances different from those of rival parties

Individuals who identify with or tend to support a party

Individuals who identify themselves as a member of one party or the other

Often used as a synonym for an unaffiliated voter

Between 1929 and 1939, a times of devastating economic collapse and personal misery for people around the world

• The formal party apparatus, including committees, party leaders, conventions, and workers
• Loyal opposition
• A role that the party out of power plays, highlighting its objection to policies and priorities of the government in power

Supreme Court interpretation of campaign finance law that enables political parties to raise unlimited funds for party-building activities such as voter registration drives and get-out-the-vote (GOTV) efforts

The partisan identification of elected leader in local, county, state, and federal government

The situation that exists when Congress is controlled by one party and the Presidency by the other

The categorization of the number and competitiveness of political parties in a polity

A shift in party allegiances or electoral support

A philosophy supporting the rights and empowerment of the masses as opposed to elites

The practice of rewarding political supporters with jobs

Big-city organization that exerted control over many aspects of life and lavishly rewarded supporters

System in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

FDR�s broad social welfare program in which government would bear the responsibility of providing a �safety net� to protect the weakest members of society

The group composed of southern Democrats, northern city dwellers, immigrants, the poor, Catholics, labor union members, blue-collar workers, African-Americans, and women that elected FDR to the presidency four times

the situation in which fewer voters support the two major political parties, instead identifying themselves as independent, or splitting their ticket between candidates from more than one party

The situation in which voters vote for candidates from more than one party

Organizations that candidates form to support their individual elections

a party organized as opposition or alternative to the existing parties in a two-party system

An electoral structure in which political parties win the number of parliamentary seats equal to the percentage of the vote the party receives

An election in which voters choose the party�s candidates who will run in the later general election

A campaign in which an individual seeking election, rather than an entire party slate, is the focus

One-sided action, usually in foreign policy

Get-out-the-vote

An election that determines which candidates win the offices being sought

Meeting of party members held to select delegates to the national convention

A type of primary in which both parties� ballots are available in the voting booth, and voters select one on which to register their preferences

A type of primary in which voting is a party�s primary is limited to members of that party

The Tuesday in early march on which the most primary elections were held, many of them in southern states; provided the basis for Super-Duper Tuesday in 2008

A follow-up election held when no candidates receives the majority of votes case in the original elections

A special runoff election in which the computerized voting machine simulates the elimination of last-place vote-getters

An election in which voters in a state can vote for or against a measure proposed by the state legislature

A citizen-sponsored proposal that can result in new or amended legislation or a state constitutional amendment

A proposed measure placed on the ballot in an initiative election

A proposed election in which voters can removes officeholders before their term is over

A secret ballot prepared by the government, distributed to all eligible voters, and, when balloting is completed, counted by government officials in an unbiased fashion, without corruption or regard to individual preferences

A ready-made perforation on a punch card ballot

A ballot that organizes the candidates by political party

The phenomenon by which candidates running for a lower-level office such as city council benefit in an election from the popularity of a top-of-ticket nominee

A type of ballot that arranges all of the candidates for a particular office under the name of that office

Casting a ballot in advance by mail in situations where illness, travel, or other circumstances precent boters from voting in their precinct

Paid professional who specializes in the overall management of political campaigns or an aspect of campaigns

A professional who duties comprise a variety of strategic and managerial task, from fund-raising to staffing a campaign

Blueprint for the campaign, including a budget and fund-raising plan, advertising strategy, and staffing plan

A professional who works with candidates to identify likely contributors to the campaign and arrange events and meetings with donors

A professional who brings the campaign message to voters by creating handouts and all forms of media ads

Outlays by PAC�s and other, typically for advertizing for or against a candidate, but uncoordinated with a candidate�s campaign

A tax-exempt group that raises money for political activities, much like those allowed under the soft money loophole

The proportion of eligible voters who actually voted

A method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views

Having resonance, in relation to a voting issue, reflecting intense interst

The situation of already holding the office that is up for reelection

The condition in which voters grow tired of all the candidates by the time Election Day arrives, and may thus be less likely to vote

A theory that some individuals decide the cost of voting are not worth the effort when compared to the benefits