Physical Science Chapter 9

an obsolete model of heat that considered heat a material fluid that flowed from hot to cold objects

the sum of all forms of particle energy in a substance

a piston engine containing a working gas that is transferred between hot and cold heat exchangers to move the pistons. The source of heat comes from outside the engine.

a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance; the hotness or coldness of an object, measured in degrees.

dimensional unit of temperature whose magnitude depends on which system is being used

an instrument that uses a thermometric property to measure and display temperature

any property of matter that varies in proportion to changes in temperature

fixed, precise, and easily reproducible values in a dimension used to calibrate a measuring scale
in Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales they are the boiling and freezing points of pure water at 1 atm of pressure

a temperature scale with fiducial points at the freezing point (32 degrees) and the boiling point (212 degrees) of pure water at 1 atm of pressure

a temperature scale with fiducial points at the freezing point (0 degrees) and the boiling point (100 degrees) of pure water at 1 atm of pressure

the pressure and temperature conditions at which the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of a substance simultaneously exist in a stable condition

the absolute temperature scale, whose theoretical zero point is absolute zero. Its single fiducial point is the triple point of pure water (273.16 K)
One Kelvin is the same size unit as one degree Celsius

a thermal property of most materials in which length or volume increase in proportion with increasing temperature

a quantity of thermal energy that flows from one system to another

law stating that every natural process proceeds toward a condition of lowest usable energy and highest entropy

the measure of a system's randomness or disorder

the flow of thermal energy from a hotter to a cooler object by direct contact

the condition of a system that is at the same temperature as it surroundings so there is no net flow of thermal energy

a material through heat and electricity easily flow

the transfer of thermal energy from one location to another through the movement of matter

a flow of matter in a fluid as warmer, lower density fluid is dispaced upward by cooler, denser fluid flowing downward. With a continuous heat input, the flow follows a cyclical path. It can occur only in a gravitational field.

nuclear particles or electromagnetic waves that radiate away from their sources; a method of heat transfer through radiant (electro-magnetic) energy

a material that does not easily conduct thermal energy or electricity, a poor conductor with tightly bound valence electrons

the amount of thermal energy an entire object must gain or lose to change its temperature 1 degree C. Heat capacity depends on the mass and thermal properties of the substance(s) in the object

the amount of thermal energy 1 g of a substance must gain or lose to change its temperature 1 degree C.

a device that measures thermal energy transfer between objects within a chamber insulated from its surroundings

the amount of thermal energy absorbed per gram as a solid melts (fuses) at its melting point. the same abount of heat per gram must be released to freeze the substance

the amount of thermal energy absorbed per gram as a liquid vaporizes. the same amount of heat per gram must be released to condense the vapor to a liquid.