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complex carbohydrate
- starches and fibers
- oligo/polysaccharides
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what r the 3 monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose (sweetest), and galactose (milk)
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examples of disaccharides
sucrose, maltose, lactose
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condensation
chemical rxn that links 2 monosaccharides together to produce a disaccharide; ex. water
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hydrolysis
rxn that uses water to split a disaccharide into 2 monosaccharides
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examples of polysaccharides
glycogen, starches, fiber
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purpose of glycogen
how the human body stores CHO
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purpose of starch
form used by plants to store glucose; found in starchy veggies and grains
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dietary fiber
natural structures found in all plants that CANNOT be digested by human enzymes
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2 types of dietary fibers
soluble and insoluble
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soluble fiber
dietary fibers that dissolve in water & can be digested by bacteria in the colon
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insoluble fiber
dietary fiber that CANNOT be dissolved in water & r less readily fermented
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funcitional fiber
fibers that have been extracted from plants or manufactured & added to products for health benefits
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total fiber =
dietary fiber + functional fiber
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RDA for CHO
- 45%-65% total daily energy intake
- 130 g/day
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salivary amylase
hydrolyzes starches into smaller polysaccharides and maltose
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where does CHO digestion begin? with which enzyme?
in the mouth w/salivary amylase
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what happens in stomach during CHO digestion?
low pH deactivates salivary amylase
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what enzymes r on outer membrane of intestinal cells?
sucrase, maltase, and lactase
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what happens in SI during CHO digestion?
- entered thru pancreatic duct
- splits disaccharides into monosaccharides
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what is the end product of CHO digestion?
monosaccharides
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what happens in LI during CHO digestion?
fermentation of fibers by intestinal bacteria; some fermentation produces gas &/ fatty acids
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where can glycogen be found?
liver and muscle
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glycolysis
breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
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gluconeogenesis
the making of glucose in the body from non-CHO sources (AAs or ketones)
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2 hormones in blood glucose homeostasis
insulin and glucagon
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funx of CHO
energy, homeostasis, etc.
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insulin
secreted from pancreas Beta cells in response to an increase in blood sugar; allows for glucose to be taken up by the cells
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glucagon
secreted from pancreas Alpha cells in response to a decrease in blood sugar; elicits the release of glucose from glycogen stores
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epinephrine on homeostasis
"fight or flight" hormone that also triggers glucose release
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