ANT 325M

Synchrony between the verbal and nonverbal streams of a speaker's language behavior--is called: a) interactional synchrony

In the film Do You Speak American: Out West, Cliff Nass said that hearing a mismatch between one's voice (including accent) and one's physical appearance leads

One of several definitions of context we have discussed is

In the film American Tongues it was maintained that a person's accent is

Which of the following could not be considered a contextual component for an ethnography of communication?

The film American Tongues illustrated the fact that there are

It seems likely that Hymes is correct when he concludes that:

American Tongues showed that

Transition to sentient speech in some hypothetical pre-hominid ancestor must have involved

Vocatives are

Locating contextual items without actually naming them is done by members of a speech category called

Compared to non-autonomous speech, autonomous speech is

Non-autonomous speech is like Bernstein's

The greater the psychological difference, or distance, between communicating individuals, the greater the need for

The evolution of human societies has been in the direction of

The following are demonstrable characteristics of form and function in language:

Which of the following correlates meaningfully with segmentation of the speech community and also with different contextual elements?

Which of the following could be considered part of the communicative context of a 'text' ? enna massive

Settings, as distinct from context, can:

The following characteristics of formality are apparently universal:

Back-channel cues [examples from notes: 'yeah', 'right,' 'uh-huh'] are

Depending on the language, placement of values along dimensions of power and of solidarity have been found in:

Reciprocal use of TLN or FN in the US references the social dimension of

Non-reciprocal use of TLN or FN in the US references the social dimension of

Use of first name in US address underlyingly means

Use of TLN in US address underlyingly means:

The pronouns of power and solidarity have been referenced in this class as:

Reciprocal use of the 2nd person pronoun in European languages stresses:

Non-reciprocal use of the 2nd person pronoun in Romance languages and China stresses:

John Austin has made a 3 way distinction among utterances based on the notion that the speech act accomplishes goals. He has identified the following kinds of acts:

John Austin classified speech acts in terms of their purpose and effect. With respect to the locutionary act, the focus is on

An illocutionary act is the act performed in saying something; here the focus is on:

Broadcast transmission and directional reception of messages, according to Hockett is characteristic of:

In pointing to rapid fading as a design feature in some communication systems, Hockett is excluding:

Hockett refers to the fact that in some communicative systems new linguistic messages are coined freely and can be understood in context. He names this design feature:

Hockett singles out the ability in a communicative system of meaningless elements to pattern and in combination to form meaningful messages as important in human language. He calls this:

Hockett claims that non-human animals do not appear to be capable of transmitting information about their own or other systems of communication, and calls the ability to do so:

Apologies are

In all situations, speakers have options of ways to express themselves. Their choices in expression reveal underlying cultural models of

In conversation analysis an adjacency pair is considered to be:

Greetings have been said to function

Greetings, compliments, and condolences can all be thought of as

Solicitudes tend to

H.P. Grice articulated four important maxims regarding conversational ideals that can be summarized as maxims of

H.P. Grice felt that conversational norms are best served by

Departures from Grice's norms are

Robin Lakoff formulated two rules of pragmatic competence:

Lakoff suggests that when rules of pragmatic competence conflict,

Lakoff opines that in most informal conversations

To Brown and Levinson politeness is concern with face, which involves

Brown and Levinson suggest that in mitigation of a face threat act,

Requests, orders, offers, dares, and expressions of anger are said by Brown and Levinson to be FTAs to

Criticism, accusation, insults, contradictions, and boasts are said by Brown and Levinson to be FTAs to

Thanking, accepting offers, making unwilling promises are said by Brown and Levinson to be FTAs to

Apologies, confessions, and admissions of responsibility are said by Brown and Levinson to be FTAs to

Three social factors for speaker selection of linguistic mechanism to accomplish an FTA include

A speech community is a group of people who:

In the US, weak social networks predominate among

Close-knit social networks are more typical of

Social distinctions among community members influence

Social class systems are based on:

In the US, class:

William Labov studied postvocalic r usage in

From his study of postvocalic r, Labov concluded that this variable is:

In his study of postvocalic r use in three department stores, Labov assumed that:

Labov concluded that crossover behavior is

Labov found that

Labov found varying amounts of -r pronunciation, the largest amount occurring in

Labov has conducted studies indicating that members of all classes increase their use of -r as context focused more attention on pronunciation, showing that they are aware of the same general norm giving value to -r pronouncing

Labov showed that in speech in the most careful contexts, members of the second highest class use more -r than do members of the highest group, demonstrating that LowerMiddleClass speakers are most sensitive about negative evaluations of their own speech and most desirous of achieving prestige norms. This illustrates the phenomenon that Labov called

"The correlate of regular stratification of a sociolinguistic variable in behavior is uniform agreement in subjective reactions towards that variable" This statement could have been made by

In England Peter Trudgill studied the use of phonological variables and found that, for all the features studied, higher class speakers use more non-standard forms, meaning that they use fewer standard pronunciations

In Scotland, Ronald Macauley, in a study of 5 phonological features, concluded that

One of the surprising findings of Jacquelyn Lindenfeld is that speakers are rarely able to manipulate their use of language in order to emphasize their class identity in different speech situations

Basil Bernstein identified a dichotomy of speech styles that he labeled

According to Bernstein,

What has been called the elaborated code is

African American Vernacular English is, according to Labov:

AAVE [African American Vernacular English ] exhibits

In AAVE

John Rickford in his article Suite for Ebony and Phonics said that

Marcyliena Morgan maintains that Hip hop culture involves youth socialization that

There are numerous speech differences between men and women in our society. They are

Mock Spanish as Rusty Barrett characterizes it

Females in our society often blunt a direct statement by means of

The use of such devices as tag questions and hedge words

It is probably a universal fact that in all cultures

In American English

Several studies show women's greater use of standard pronunciations, and quicker and more marked style shifting to the standard in increasingly formal speech contexts. One explanation says this is due to

When Trudgill asked them about their pronunciation, women tended to claim greater use of standard pronunciation than actually occurred in their speech whereas men tended to claim greater use of the nonstandard than actually occurred in their speech. Trudgill explained this saying that

In general, women use

Dynamic intonational patterns are interpreted by American English speakers as indicating

According to some, women and men are not viewed simply as different with respect to language behavior; instead, women's behavior is

Women's frequent changes in pitch and volume may serve the important function of attracting and holding the listener's attention. Women may need this device more than men because

Because rising pitch is an indicator of a question in American English, some linguists such as Robin Lakoff believe that when women use rising pitches, they are interpreted as

Regarding tag questions it has been found that

Men and women sometimes employ linguistic styles characterized by indecisive, imprecise, or mitigated speech. These traits are perceived to be more typical of women. They are, in actuality,

A common cultural stereotype describes women as being more talkative than men

In Yana, a California Indian language Sapir identified men's speech and women's speech.

Falsetto voice is employed as a respect device used by Carib women while raised pitch is used as a respect device by men.

Mazatecs of Oaxaca, Mexico employ a kind of whistle speech that women can understand but that only men use.

The nerd according to Mary Bucholtz is

In Japanese some of the gender exclusive differences in speech reflect a message of social inequality, unlike Chukchee

In Chiquita , a Bolivian indigenous language, in women's speech all nouns are treated the same, but in men's speech nouns divided into two classes marked morphologically.

Bodine suggests that Chiquita men have tried to use language to symbolically elevate themselves, but Chiquita women have refused to go along with it.

The film To Make the Balance is about

The film Brain Sex singled out the following as particularly important to gender

Gender exclusive patterns of speech in languages of the world generally involve either a small number of sounds, a few morphological markers, or a handful of words. No exclusive differences in sentence construction have been reported. Nevertheless, gender exclusive forms have great social significance, reflecting and reinforcing cultural models of gender distinctions.

The film Brain Sex claims that there is such a thing as

In many cultures, where polite speech is most typical of women (e.g. American/Anglo societies, Japan), it is interpreted as a signal of deference and lower status. However, in other societies (e.g. Java), polite speech (including humility) is manipulated to convey messages of power and superiority

Malagasy (Madagascar) has two speech styles. One is used in rituals and formal secular situation. This one is

In Madagascar, where Malagasy is spoken,

The film Brain Sex claimed that

The Kuna of Panama have a basically egalitarian society according to Joel Sherzer.

Among the Kuna, according to Sherzer, each gender has occasion to employ elaborate rhetorical styles, replete with metaphor and symbolic allusions, and each uses chanting and rhythmic patterns or tunes in certain contexts, and both men and women speak directly and confidently when voicing their opinions.

The Subanun drinking encounter provides a structured setting for

Subanun beer is drunk

Discourse at a Subanun festive gathering

In "Greetings in the Desert" Grimshaw and Youssef discuss greetings of

In researching "Greetings in the Desert" the authors were hoping to

The following pertain(s) to the desert dwellers studied by Grimshaw and Youssef

William Labov says linguists believe

William Labov takes educational psychologists to task for their ignorance of his article on Black intelligence

According to Keenan,