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Ophthalmia neonatorum-a form of conjunctivitis usually contracted by new born in the birth canal when mom has gonorrhea. usually prevented with silver nitrate drops

Conjunctivitis- pink eye

Enucleate- removal of eyeball

diplopia-double vision

strabismus- a condition that results in lack of parallel visual axes of the eyes; commonly called crossed eyes

nyctalopia-night blindness

astigmatism-a condition in which the cornea has an abnormal shape which causes blurred and distorted vision

• myopia-near sightedness
• hypereopia-farsightedness requires reading glasses

• Glaucoma-Increased fluid pressure within the eye caused when canal of schlemm gets clogged
• symptoms are -halos around electric light. cloudy vision. eye pain.
• the tonometer is used to measure pressure in the eye

Papilledema-accumulation of fluid in the optic nerve around the brain can cause temporary blindness

Macular degeneration- an age related disease of the eye that occurs when the retina no longer recieves adequate blood supply

Cloudy areas that form in the lens of the eye that prevents light from reaching visual receptors

Diabetic Retinopathy

• Blephar-eye lid
• Ambly-dimness
• Presby-aging

The occipital Lobe

• Cornea
• Iris
• Lens
• Retina
• Optic nerve

The function of the lens is for accommodation (focusing)

The canal of schlemm is located in the anterior chamber and is used to clean the eye and drains aqueous humor

• Anterior cavity-extends from the cornea to the lens
• Anterior chambers-extends from the cornea to the iris
• Posterior chambers-extends from iris to the lens
• Posterior cavity-extends from the lens to the optic nerve

Retina, Optic Nerves and Blood Vessels

Produces tears

Conjunctiva

In dim lights the pupils become dilated (larger)

In bright lights the pupils become constricted (smaller)

Pupil

fovea centralis /Macula lutea

• 1. Retina- the inner layer of the eye;contain light sensing nerve cells called rods and cones
• 2. Optic Nerve-consist of sensory fibers that conduct impulses fron the retina to the brain

both are in the inner layer

1. Iris- is the colored part of the eye,made of muscular tissue that contracts and relaxes

• 2.choroid-the middle layer of the eye, which contains most of the eye's blood vessels
• both are found in the middle layer of the eye

1.sclera- tough outermost layer(white of the eye) cover all except the front of the eye,

2.cornea-transparent area in front of the eye that acts as a window to let light in both are found in the outer layer

The blind spot is at the beginning of the optic nervewhere there are no rods and cones to transfer light to the vision center in the brain. also called the optic disk

Rods and cones are nerve cells each named for it's shape.

Rods- function in dim light responsible for black and white and night vision

Cones-function best in bright light and provides sharper images (color)

• Vitreous humor is a very thick jelly like fluid in the posterior chamber of the eyeball.
• Vitreous humor keeps the retina flat and helps to maintain the shape of the eye

• Aqueous humor is a watery substance filing the space between the lens and the cornea.
• Aqueous humor provides nutrients and bathes the structures in the anterior chamber of the eyeball

The ciliary muscle

Focusing- accomodation

Bending of light rays- Refraction

The blind spot is an obscure field of vision where the nerve endings of the retina enter the optic nerve where there are no rod and cones to convert images into nerve impulses. The optic disk

• 1.the outer layer
• 2.the middle layer
• 3.the inner layer

• Normal is shiny and beige
• An infected eardrum is red and dull
• An ear drum with fluid behind it usually looks inflamed (pink)Eardrum does not move well

Surgical incision of the typanic membrane

The folded rim of skin and cartilage around most of the outer ear

ear pain, earache

Pitch of sound- the complete fluctuations of energy per second in the form of waves

Units for measuring the relative intensity of sound on a scale from 0-130

ear infection more often in children

A disturbance in comphrehension of spoken language in the presence of otherwise intact auditory and language function. Also known as pure word deafness

A labyrinth disorder- person suffers with repeated attacks of vertigo, nausea, vomiting, disturbances in the equilibrium and tinnitus

Surgical removal of stapes

hardening of the stapes

Hearing loss due to the aging process

Total deafness

dizziness

abnormal ringing in the ear

• The inner ear is responsible for interpeting and transmittings sound. the inner is a complex communicating chambers and tubes known as the labyrinth It is divided in three portions 1. semicircular canals-three loops of fluid filled tubes attached to the cochlea 2.vestible-a round open space that is the central structure within the inner ear 3. cochlea- a spiral shaped fluid filled inner ear structure lined with cilia(tiny hairs)that move when vibrated
• they function to detect the balance/equilibrium

• The middle ear- begins with the tympanic membrane-eardrum(vibrates in response to sound waves )
• On the other side of the tympanic membrane is Ossicles(tiny bones) the malleus,incus and the stapes- begins sound conduction

• The outer ear consist of the pinna(external flap) the helix (the folded portion)
• external auditory canal its function is to collect sound waves

• The vestibular labyrinth are responsible for balance and equilibrium
• located in the inner ear

Ceruminous glands lines the auditory canal. It produces cerumen(earwax)It prevents foriegn objects such as dirt, dust and bacteria from reaching the eardrum

This tube help to maintain equal pressure on both sides of the eardrum(tympanic membrane)the middle ear is connected to the throat by this tube

• a. Outer ear
• b. ear canal
• c. eardrum
• d. hammer,anvil,stapes
• e. cochlea
• f. auditory nerve to temporal lobe