BIO test 2 important

• 1. abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
• 2. organic monomers polymerize on hot sand, clay, or rock to form macromolecules
• 3. molecules pack into protobionts, which are precursors to cells
• 4. self-replicating molecules originate

3.5 billion years

• 1. origin 4.6 bya
• 2. prokaryotes 3.5 bya
• 3. atmospheric oxygen 2.7 bya
• 4. single-celled eukaryotes 2.1 bya
• 5. multi-cellular eukaryotes 1.5 bya
• 6. animals
• 7. colonization of land
• 8. Cambrian explosion
• 9. Permian mass extinction
• 10. Cretaceous mass extinction
• 11. humans

can live with or without oxygen

require oxygen

oxygen is toxic

small prokaryotes engulfed by bigger prokaryotes

(eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes this way)

• 1. adaptive radiation
• 2. mass extinction
• 3. continental drift

• simple cell wall
• thick peptidoglycan wall
• no outer lipopolysaccharide
• retain crystal violet

• complex cell wall
• thin peptidoglycan wall
• outer lipopolysaccharide layer
• retain safranin
• more toxic

genotype and possibly phenotype of prokaryotic cell altered by uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings

bacteriophages carry bacterial genes from one host cell into another

genetic material is transferred between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined

• 1. photoautotroph, light, CO2
• 2. chemoautotroph, inorganic material, CO2
• 3. photoheterotroph, light, organic compounds
• 4. chemohetereotroph, organic material, organic compounds

converting N2 to NH3

synthesis of amino acids, nucleotides

cyanobacteria, rhizobium

• 1. nitrogen fixation
• 2. decomposition
• 3. bioremediation
• 4. symbiosis

• 1. transduction
• 2. host cell endocytosis
• 3. fusion of plasma membranes

plant pathogens consisting of RNA

pathogenic proteins that cause disease in animals

genes that are expressed/coded for

fusion of cytoplasm but not nuclei

fusion of nuclei after plasmogamy

maintain cell shape and protect the cell

allows colony formation bc it's a sticky protein layer

appendages that allow it to stick to a substrate

allow the exchange of DNA

taxis

region where chromosome is located

ring of self-replicating DNA w/special functions

study of whole sets of genes

study of full protein sets encoded by genomes

use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets

sequencing of random DNA fragments

• 1. linkage mapping
• 2. physical mapping
• 3. DNA sequencing

integrates genomics and proteomics to study the entire biological system

determine the function of a particular DNA sequence

• diplomonads
• parabasalids
• euglenozoa (kinetoplastids, euglenids)

• alveolata (dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates)
• stramenopiles (diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, oomycetes)

• forams
• radiolarians
• chlorarachniophytes

• red algae
• green algae
• land plants

• amoebozoan (slime molds, gymnamoebas, entamoeba)
• opisthokont

have flagellated spores (zoospores)

bread mold; produce sturdy structure for karyogamy, meiosis

arbusculur mychorrhizae

• "sac fungi"
• sexual stages in fruiting bodies

"club fungi" extended dikaryotic stage

• 1. rosette-shaped cellulose-synthesizing complexes
• 2. peroxisome enzymes
• 3. flagellated sperm
• 4. formation of a phragmoplast

• 1. alternations of generations, multicellular dependent embryos
• 2. walled spores produced in sporangia
• 3. multicellular gametangia
• 4. apical meristem

• 1. reduced gametophytes
• 2. heterospory
• 3. sperm carried in pollen
• 4. ovule develops in integument

• liverworts
• hornworts
• mosses

• club mosses
• ferns