1) J Nociceptors A. A compound that influences a postsynaptic cell’s response to a neurotransmitter
2) K Thermoreceptors B. Receptors which are responsible for our ability to see color
3) I Chemoreceptors C. Receptors which are responsible for our ability to see in extremely dim light
4) L Mechanoreceptors D. The ability to see 20 point type at 40 feet
5) B Cones E. The ability to clearly see at 20 feet what “normal” people can clearly see at 40 ft
6) G Threshold F. “Leap-frogging” of the action potential, caused by myelination of the axon
7) A Neuromodulator G. The minimum amount of stimulus required to depolarize an excitable membrane
8) E 20/40 vision and generate an action potential
9) F Saltatory conduction H. Eyeball too short
10) O Myopic I. Receptors which respond to ligands that react chemically with the receptor
(nearsighted) J. Receptors which respond to pain or noxious stimuli
11) N Gap Junctions K. Receptors which respond to hot or cold temperatures
L. Receptors which respond to vibrations, pressure and sound
M. Chemical synapse, where an AP is passed on to the next neuron
Neurotransmitters
N. Electrical synapse, where an AP is directly passed to the next neuron
O. Eyeball too long
TRUE or FALSE
F 12) Rapid, “jerky”, small movements of the eyes as you “look” at an object help prevent accommodation of
Of the visual system.
F 13) The three semi-circular canals “tell” the brain if you are right-side-up or upside down.
T 14) Even though intra- & extracellular fluid contains Ca++, Na+, Cl-, and K+ ions, neuronal resting potentials
Are mainly due to the contributions of Na+ and K+ potentials.
T 15) Information coming into the CNS is carried along afferent neurons.
F 16) Exocrine glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscles are controlled by the somatic nervous system.
F 17) The thin, branched processes of a neuron whose main function is to receive incoming signals are axons.
F 18) Spatial summation refers to repeated graded potentials reaching the trigger zone one after the other from
A single presynaptic neuron.
F 19) The all-or-none phenomenon applies to graded potentials.
T 20) Action potentials are restricted to areas of excitable membranes that contain voltage-regulated
Channels.
T 21) Receptor potentials are graded.
F 22) The particular form of energy to which a receptor is most responsive is called its receptive field.
F 23) In the dark, rhodopsin is not active and Na+ & K+ channels are closed. Neurotransmitter release is
Stopped. In bright light, the Na+ channels are open and neurotransmitters release increase.
T 24) If a resting axon’s membrane becomes more permeable to K+ it will take a stimulus of larger magnitude
To initiate an action potential.
Multiple Choice. Circle the best answer of the choices provided
25) Interneurons are found….
A) only in the brain
B) only in the spinal cord
C) only in the CNS ************************** Right answer
D) throughout the nervous system
E) none of these
26) Neurotransmitters are released from the…
A) dendrites
B) axon terminals or varicosities **************RIGHT ANSWER
C) axon hillock
D) All of the above are true
27) There are primary taste sensations.
A) 5 ************RIGHT ANSWER
B) 2
C) 12
D) hundreds of
28) Axons may synapse with which of the following?
A) Blood vessels, so that neurocrines may enter the bloodstream
B) Other neurons
C) Muscles
D) Glands
E) All of the above **************RIGHT ANSWER
29) In order to bombard the postsynaptic cell with more molecules of neurotransmitter, the presynaptic cell
Would have to….
A) Send action potentials (APs) with higher voltage (each AP with higher amplitude)
B) Send APs with longer durations (each AP last longer)
C) Send APs with higher frequency (more APs per unit of time) *****RIGHT ANSWER
D) Nothing can be done (no change possible) since the all-or-none law is in effect
30) The term that describes a neural pathway where a single neuron is stimulated and synapses with many neurons, resulting in multiple responses is….
A) convergence
B) divergence ******RIGHT ANSWER
C) feedforward
D) a reflex
31) Tetrodotoxin is a toxin that blocks voltage-gated sodium channels. What effect would this substance have on the function of neurons?
A) Neurons would depolarize more rapidly
B) Action potentials would lack a repolarization phase
C) The absolute refractory period would be shorter than normal
D) The neuron would not be able to propagate action potentials ***RIGHT ANSWER
32) IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials)
A) result in local depolarizations
B) result in local hyperpolarizations ***RIGHT ANSWER
C) increase membrane permeability to sodium ions
D) prevent the escape of potassium ions
33) A graded potential
A) decreases with distance from the point of stimulation
B) spreads passively because of local cuttents
C) may involve either depolarization or hyperpolarization
D) All the above are correct ****RIGHT ANSWER
34) If a hyperpolarizing graded potential and a depolarizing graded potential of similar magnitudes arrive at the trigger zone (axon hillock) at the same time, what happens?
A) An action potential is fired off more quickly than usual
B) Nothing. They will cancel each other out ****RIGHT ANSWER
C) The cell will become hyperpolarized
D) The cell becomes easier to excite
35) The cortex enables you to ignore the growl of a dog when it comes from a loudspeaker, yet fear that same sound when it comes from a live dog.
A) Somatosensory
B) Association ***RIGHT ANSWER
C ) Visual
D) Auditory
36) When multiple, possible even conflicting signals reach a neuron, the neuron evaluates the signals and may respond or not. This “evaluation” of the signals is called…
A) temporal summation
B) spatial summation
C) postsynaptic integration *****RIGHT ANSWER
D) graded potentials
37) Reasoning & thinking arises in the outer layer of neurons of the…
A) amygdale
B) Basal ganglia
C) hippocampus
D) cerebral cortex**** RIGHT ANSWER
38) A damaged neuron has the best chance of survival and healing if the is/are undamaged.
A) cell body***RIGHT ANSWER
B) axon
C) dendrites
D) Schwann cells
Fill in the blank/short answer
39) Briefly explain what a dynamometry reading measures (from lab)
-Grip Strength
40) Acetylcholinesterase serves what function in the nervous system?
- Breaks down ACH producing choline & acetate group
41) List one endogenous opioid and briefly tell what role the endogenous opioids play in the body.
-Endorphin, natural pain reliever
42) Place the following skeletal muscle-contractile events in sequence by numbering them
1 Muscle action potential travels along the sarcolemma (cell membrane) including T-tubules
8 ATP binds to the ATP-binding site on the myosin head, causing crossbridge dissociation & energizing
(reactivating) the myosin head.
5 Troponin changes shape, moving tropimyosin away from myosin-binding sites on the actin molecules
7 The myosin head “swivel” causing the “power stroke”
3 Ca++ enters cell
2 Voltage-sensitive DHP/RyR receptors trigger the opening of Ca++ channels
6 Myosin and actin form cross bridges.
4 Ca++ diffuses to, and binds with troponin
43) Which division of the nervous system is characterized by the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located in the brain stem or in the sacral region of the spinal cord; the postganglionic neurons located close to the effector organ; releasing acetylcholine at the neuroeffector (postsynapric) synapse; and mediating the “feed or breed” response?
-Parasympathetic Nervous System
44) What happens when all three cone populations (Photoreceptors) are equally stimulated?
- You see white
45) You hand is in a bucket of water which is at 45C. If the water temperature was increased to 50C would you be able to tell? Why or Why not?
- No, temp over 43C you feel pain
46) List any two of the eight factors which may affect sensory perceptions.
- Drugs and Enviromental Stimuli
47) Sensory information is coded in several ways, but never by the relative strength of the generated action potential. Why isn’t the relative strength of the action potential used for sensory coding?
- Strength of action potential is always the same
48) Place the following nerve potential events in sequence by numbering them
1 Graded potential reaches threshold voltage
6 K+ leaves cell – cell re-polarizes
2 Voltage-gated Na-activation (fast) & K-activation (slow) channels begin to open, while the Na-inactivation
(slow) begins to close.
4 Na+ enter cell – cell depolarizes
7 Voltage-gated K- ion channels close due to cell re-polarization (K-inactivation)
5 Na-inactivation ion channels close (Na-inactivation) and K-ion channels become fully open (K-activation)
3 Na-ion channels are open (activation)
49) What is the most common way that stimulus intensity (strong vs. weak signal) is coded in a sensory neuron?
- Change in AP frequency
50) List one of the two varieties of adrenergic receptors, and one of the neurotransmitters they bind with.
- Beta- adrenoreceptors bind with epinephrine
EXTRA CREDIT
1) squeezing the ball
2) You squeeze the ball not using all of your strength abnd hold it and then you squeeze the ball using a little bit more strength and do this until you are at full strength- vary number of motor unit used
3) use more motor units to up the force- motor electrical activity means foggy picture.
