Bio Exam 3

• g1-growth of cell
• S-synthesis of DNA (2 sister chromosomes produce)
• g2-chromosomes condense

PMAT

• G1S-cell splits
• G2M-Commitment to mitosis
• Spindle-all chromosomes attach (late metaphase)

• Pro- much simplier, binary fussion
• single dna molecule attaches to copy

homologous chromosomes

sister chromotids

• hap- end of meio 1
• dip-end of meio 2

division of bateria. the single circular bacterial chromo is replicated.

forms to divide the ccell into 2 cells

a complex of DNA and protiens that eukaryotic chromosoms are made out of

not expressed in Eukary. chromosomes

expressed in regions in eukary chromosomes

particular array of chromosomes of an organism

center where replicated chromosomes are connected to each other

complex of protiens holding replicated chromosomes together

2 copies of the chromosome within the replicated chromosome

interphase (g1,s,g2), mitosis, cytokenisis,

during G2 when chromosome become tightly coiled

(microtubule-organizing centers) replicate and one cetriole moves to each pole

chromosomes condense, centrioles move to each side of cell, spindles are assembled, nuclear envelope dissolves.

• (Attachment phase)
• chromosomes become attached to spindle by kinetochores, second set of microtubules is formed and begin to pull each chromosome toward center of cell

chromosomes align at center of cell on the metaphase plate

• removal of cohesion protiens causes centromes to seperate, microtubules pull sister chromatids toward the poles,
• (in anaA the kineetochores pull apart but in anaB the poles move apart)

• spindles disappear, nucleaur envelople formed around each set of sister chromatids, chromosomes uncoil, nucleaus appears
• redoes prophase

when cell splits.

(cytokenisis in animal cell) constriction of actin filaments produces

• g1/S-cell decides to divide
• g2/M-cell makes commiitment to mitosis
• splindle-late metaphase--ensures all chromosomes are attached to splindle.

• 1.genes that say no, prevent development of many cells containing mutations (ex. p53 halts cell division if damaged DNA is detected)
• genes that say yes

form of cell division that leads to production of gamets

• egg and sperm. each contain half number of chromosomes
• haploid (contain 1 set of chromosomes)

• adult body cells and are diploid meaning they contain set of 2 chromosomes
• our every day cells

• fusion of gamets (fertilization) to produce a diploid zygote
• gamets are sex cells

during meiosis 1 when homologous chromosomes become closely associated with each other

protiens btwn the hologues hodl them

• copy and paste of DNA
• genetic recomb. btwn non sister chromatids
• physical exchange of regions btwn chromatids
• it occurs in the chiasmata

• p-chromosomes coil 2gther, nuclueas dissolves, homolgues associates closey with snapsis, crossing over occurs
• M- terminal chaismate hld homolo 2gther after crossing over, microtubules attach to each homo...NOT SISTER CHORTIDS, align randomly
• A- splindle shorten, homolo are separated, sister chromatids are attahced to other at cetromeres
• T- nucleur envelope form around each chromosome, new nuclues is now hap, sister chroma no longer identical bcus of C.Over

resembles mitotic divison

• Meiosis-synapsis & c.over, sister chrom remain joined at cetromeres throughtout meio1, knetochores of sister attach to same pole in meio1, dna rep is supressed btwn 1 nd 2, produce haploid and arent ident. random alignment
• mitosis-produce 2 cells identical to each otehr

offspring of 2 truebreeding strains, resemble only 1 parent

offspring resul from self-fert. of f1 plants.

information for a trait passed from parent to offspring

allele-alternate form of gene

• geno-total set of allels of an indvidual
• PP=homo dom, pp=homo rec. Pp=hete
• pheno-physical

two alleles for a gene segrgate during gamet formation and re rejoined at random, one from each parent during fert.

track inheritance patterns in families

refers to an allele which has more than one effect on the phenotype

• each trait controled by single gene
• each gene has only 2 alleles
• clear dom-rec relationship between alleles
• polygenic inheritance
• incomplete domin
• codominance

one gen can interfere with the expression of another gene (kitty)

• Walter Sutton (1902)
• genes present on chromosomes