PSC 130

Propositional Representaion is a symbolic description (meaning)

Analog Representation: representation that preserves the stucture of the original information in a more or less direct manner

Shepard and Metzler discovered that because visual imagery relies on visual code, it involves the same rules as real world objects,

• Ex. manipulation, rotation, etc.
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Dual Task Interference is when subjects are given a grid of numbers to remember then are given a distractor and tested on the grid later.

in the Visuospacial sketch pad, subjects were tested to see if the distractor would interfere with visual maintenance

Heye & Barrett's number grid in 1971 tested two things from a subject's memory:

• 1. It test the acuracy of the location of the number on the grid
• 2. It test the recall of the actual number itself

Heyer and Barrett discovered taht a verbal distractor disrupted identifiying the numbers that were in the grids, and that a visual distractor disrupted knowing where the numbers belonged on the grid

Baddeley's conclusion was that the modal model was too simplistic and that the evidence indicated that different brain regions are dedicted to WM for spacial locations and object recognition

The Dorsal Pathway relates to producing actions and understanding the spacial location of objects

The Ventral Pathway relates to the knowledge of an object and the ability to recognize it

The Oculomotor Delayed Response Task was asking monkeys to remember a fixed location of an object and then tested their eye movement and brain activity after a delay

The conclusion from the Oculomotor Delayed Response Task (ODR paradigm) was that activity in the parietal cortex and frontal eye fields is correlated to the accuracy of memory guided eye movement

• The site for visual LTM is the Inferior Temporal Cortex
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• Fusiform Face Area is a specialized area in the brain that recognizes familiar faces and it is located in the hind bottom part of the temporal lobe
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The Parahippocampal Place Area is a lower part of the brain that surrounds the hippocampus and is responsible for encoding, and recognition of scenes

O'Craven and Kanwisher hypothesized that in the PPA and FFA we should see the same activity while imagining or perceiving an image

The Central Executive is one the systems in Baddeley's WM model. Its functions are to mediate between conflicting tendencies, allowing for multitasking, and selection of information to be processed in WM

• The Central Executive would be located on the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
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Some of the effects could be:

• Dysexecutive syndrome, where there is cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems
• -tangential speech
• -problems maintaining task set
• -easily distracted by stimuli

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Task asked subjects to used cards to figure out a hidden rule. Once this rule was discovered a new hidden rule was formed and patients had to figure that out.

Patients with prefrontal damaged continued to sort the cards by the original rule and could not solve the new rule

D'Esposito tested mental rotation or mental rotation and semantic decision vs. both tasks at the same time.

D'Esposito concluded that the Central Executive is involved in manipulation of infomation

He also concluded that there is more Dorsolateral PFC activation during manipulation than maintenance

• -D'Esposito data showed that with single task conditions, there Postirior Cortical Activation
• -Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activation was found duringdual task conditions

• WM stats that Rehearsal involes a general interaction between motor control and perceptual representation.
• -Eyes ---->visuospacial sketch pad
• -Mouth--->phonological loop

WM states that Maintenance of visual objects involves activation of visual object representation in inferior temporal cortex

The Dorsolateral PFC mediates control processes that inhibit distracting information and manipulate information that is active