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what is the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test?
what are the fasting blood glucose levels for pre-diabetic and diabetic?
- measure of the blood glucose level after fasting for at least 8 hours
- 100-125 mg/dL for pre-diabetic
- above 126 mg/dL on two tests for diabetes mellitus
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what is the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) testing for?
- the individual's ability to clear blood glucose (dependent on their ability to absorb and metabolize glucose)
- high carbohydrate diet for 3 days prior to the test
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why are patients on a high carbohydrate diet before an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?
to make sure glycolytic enzymes (glucokinase, PFK-1, and pyruvate kinase) are adequate
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what is the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) usually used to test for?
gestational diabetes mellitus
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what blood glucose levels indicate diabetes mellitus in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?
plasma glucose level greater than 200 mg/dL at two time points; one in the first two hours and one two hours after ingestion of glucose
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what test is usually used to determine type 2 diabetes mellitus?
fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
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when is it often first revealed that a patient has type 1 diabetes mellitus?
when they first suffer from ketoacidosis, or polyuria polydipsia and polyphagia, confirmed with a FPG test
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what is HbA1c testing for?
what levels indicate normal HbA1c?
high risk of diabetes mellitus?
diabetes mellitus?
- glycated hemoglobin A
- normal-4-6%
- high risk-greater than or equal to 6% but less than 6.5%
- diabetes mellitus-greater than or equal to 6.5%, confirmed by another HbA1c test or FPG test
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what is type 1 diabetes mellitus?
autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells, leading to a lack of insulin production
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what are three metabolic changes commonly seen in uncontrolled type 1 diabetes?
hyerglycemia, ketoacidosis, hypertriglyceridemia
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which two factors characterize type 2 diabetes mellitus?
- insulin resistance
- beta-cell dysfunction
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what are the two hypothesized theories for the relationship of obesity and a predisposition to type 2 diabetes?
- lipotoxicity or lipid overload hypothesis
- inflammation hypothesis
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