Islam and Byzantine Empire

• When Rome was divided into E and W, the E became known as Byzantium.
• 

A peninsula on the Bosporus strait

• All attackers were forced to come from the sea (which is less than ideal)
• It was located in the trade crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa

• There was 60ft wide/22ft deep moat (that could be either wet or dry) surrounding the whole city.
• The first wall was Crenelated (see image) and soldiers were stationed there
• The second wall had towers
• The third wall had towers and was 70ft tall
• Beyond that, there was a sea of snapping turtles (not really) and fizzy, sugary, explosive, sticky water (also not really)
• 

He was the equivalent of a bishop.

• Justinian (527-565 AD)
• He regained the lost parts of the empire (his successors quickly lost them again)

It was a united code of all Roman law. It eliminated discrepancies and redundancies.

• Santa Sophia
• Holy wisdom

• Square floor plan with a dome roof (accomplished by pendentive design [see picture])
• 40 dome windows
• Walls covered in mosaics that reflected light
• There's a lot more, but I wasn't really listening this day. This should be enough, but there's a large chance something like this will be an essay question because we spent an entire day on it.
• 
• (this is a picture of the Santa Sophia)

• Muslims
• The Balkan Mountains.

• It was a Christian movement that stated that icons/symbols/portrayals of god or other religious objects were unholy and in violation of the 10 commandments. Objects in violation were destroyed.
• It occurred in the Eastern Roman Empire.
• It maddened the Western Romans, who thought they were being accused of Paganism by the Eastern Romans.
• This stunted the development/execution of sculpting and other arts at the time. At the end of the movement, small-scale sculpting appeared once again, but large sculptures never returned to their previous condition.

He used it as an excuse to confiscate monastary/nunnery's lands for expanding his army/empire. This caused friction between the East and West.

• West: Bishops were the religious leaders of cities, and the Pope was the Bishop of Rome. The pope became a spiritual and political leader when the Roman empire fell. All masses were held in Latin.
• East: The emperor of the East appointed patriarchs and bishops, investigated monastaries/nunneries, and called councils to make religious decisions. Masses were held in the region's vernacular. This caused discrepancies in the religious beliefs.

• Schism
• 1054 AD

• Their religious views differed, and the Bishop of Constantinople excommunicated the Pope. The pope then excommunicated the Bishop of Constantinople.
• West: Roman Catholicism (meaning universal)
• East: Greek Orthodox (meaning correct)

• The Seljuk Turks (who had just converted to the Muslim religion)
• They thought that the Arabs had grown complacent in the practicing of their religion.

When asked for help by the Byzantines, the Pope gathered an army from France to begin The Crusades.

The Turks closed the Holy Land to pilgrims. 1,000s of people went on crusades, and the 1st one was successful.

• Ottoman Turks
• 1453 KNOW THIS DATE

• Justinian's Code
• Hagia Sophia (with pendentive architecture)
• Spread of Christianity to Eastern Europe (e.g. Russia)
• Czars
• Byzantine scholars visited rome and spread documents/ideas
• El Greco's art

• Muhammad
• C. 570-632 AD

• He was raised by his uncle and other family members in Mecca because his parents died. He lived in poverty, and he could not go to school. He worked in the trade caravans as a boy and became knowledgeable of other religions.
• He married Khadija (a businesswoman, who was older than him {couuugarrrrr}) and they had a successful marriage. She accepted and supported his religious doings.

• It was an oasis.
• There were trade caravans from East Asia that went up the Arabian Peninsula and through Mecca.
• It was a religious center.

Alla -> Angel Gabriel -> Muhammad -> Qur'an

• They did not want to accept the religion because it preached that there was only one god (they believed in many gods). This would eradicate temples, which would destroy the economy.
• He brought it to Medina

• Hegira
• 622 AD KNOW THIS DATE

• He attacked trade caravans
• Mecca sent an army to Medina, Muhammad defeated them, and returned to Mecca in 630 AD.

• Faith: Alla is the only god, Muhammad is a messenger
• Prayer: Pray 5x/day
• Alms: Give to the poor
• Fasting: Ramadan shows humility to Alla
• Pilgrimage: Taking the hajj to Mecca

• Sunna: Muhammad's example for proper living
• Shari'a: The system of law for Muslims

• There is only one god
• Muhammad is the last, best prophet in existence who recorded the Qur'an (other prophets include Jesus, Moses, Abraham, Ishmael)
• Do not doubt the Qur'an
• There is an afterlife, and the last day (the day of judgment) is the day in which one's fate is determined
• Angels exist (Gabriel is the angel who spoke to Muhammad)

• You must do a prescribed prayer 5 times/day. You must face towards Mecca if you are not there, and face towards the Kaaba if you are in Mecca. You are called to prayer by the Muezzin.
• Friday is the holy day on which you go to the mosque to pray.
• Ulamas are religious experts of mosques.
• You should still pray other times of the day (non-prescribed)
• You may make up missed prayers later

• The righteous man gives away his wealth to kinsfolk, orphans, the helpless, travelers in need, beggars, and for the redemption of captives (improvement of those in need of improvement).
• This righteous man who does these things is the true believer, he is God-fearing.

• Fast a certain number of days from sunrise until sunset. Eat a modest meal after sunset to show thankfulness to god for giving you His guidance.
• Fast during the month of Ramadan.
• If someone is unable to fast, (due to sickness, traveling, pregnancy, etc.) he/she should make up the same number of days fasting later.
• Alla does not want you to be uncomfortable, he just wants your thankfulness.

• Make the Hajj to Mecca (to see the Kaaba) for God's sake.
• If you can't, send offerings that you can afford.
• This pillar is less important than the others due to the complications that may arise from logistical or financial problems.

• It is an empty, cubical building in Mecca.
• There is only one god (Alla)
• During the Hajj
• Abraham, the father of all Muslims.

• Abu Bakr (close friend)
• Ali (son-in-law)
• Husayn (Ali's son)

He kept the Arabs united.

Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt

Damasus

• 711 AD
• 732 AD

• Shia: (Shiites) Caliphs should be related to Muhammad. Iraq is a mostly Sunni dominated area. They rejected the Abbasid compromise.
• Sunni: Anyone can rule.

They moved the capital to Baghdad, and they enacted the Abbasid Compromise in which the Caliph was a political ruler and the Ulama was a religious ruler.

• Algebra
• Modern numerals
• Medicine
• Cancer treatments
• Brain surgery
• Ibnsing wrote the encyclopedia of medicine
• Tuberculosis is contageous
• Psychiatric disorder studies
• Pharmacies
• Hospitals
• Travelling clinics
• Astronomy
• Greek/Roman documents were valued

• Domes on squares
• Mosques
• Palaces

• Religious art has no humans, animals, or plants
• Calligraphy
• 
• Geometric designs
• 
• Floral design
• 
• Arabesques
• 
• Squinch structures for domes
• 

It is the most decorated, important spot in a Mosque. It signifies the direction of Mecca.

It is a design with only a slight repetition. It is not as strictly repeated as a geometric design.