Psychology Chapter 6

Some experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of a learner.

A general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding.

When a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response

Something that reliably produces a naturally occuring reaction in an organism.

A reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.

Initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism

A reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus.

The phase of classical conditioning when the CS and US are presented together

Conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS.

The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented.

The tendency of a learned behaviour to recover from extinction after a rest period.

The process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during the acquisition

The capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

A propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others.

A type of learning in which the consequences of an organisms behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future.

Principles:

1. Fixed Interval Schedule (FI) - reinforcements are presented at fixed time perioods, provided that the appropriate response is made.

2. Variable Interval Schedule (VI) - behaviour is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement

3. Fixed Ration Schedule (FR) - reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made.

4. Variable Ratio Schedule (VR) - delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses

5. Intermittent Reinforcement - Only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement. The effect? The fact that operant behaviours that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement.

behaviours that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated.

has impact on the environment

any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behaviour that lead to it

Circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intristic satisfaction of performing a behaviour

Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behavior.

A condition in which something is learned but is not manifested as a behavioural change until sometime in the future.

A mental representation of the physical features of the environment.

learn by watching

largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of the info acquisition