Cellular Respiration

+ energy

• -carbon being oxidized
• - electrons are in sugar molecule are spending alot of time around carbon ( electrons closer to C than H b/c of electronnegativity )
• - Oxidation: when H is shifted away from the part oc in CO2
• - Oxygen becomes part of O in H2O, electrons in covalent bond shifts towads the O ( reduction )
• - no electrons being transferred, only shifting

• type of chemical reaction that results in the formation and creation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
• - adding phosphate

is a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

NADH : coenzyme found in all living cells

FADH: organic molecule, non protein, vitamins

• carries electron from one protein to another
• - loses energy in the process, the loss energy is used to produce ATP

• it has to do with where the electrons are dropped off
• - NADH drops off at a higher energy level ( 3ATP)
• - FAHD2 drops off at a lower energy level (2ATP)

b/c oxygen has the highest electronegativity

in the oxidative phosphorylation

is the partial "breakdown" of "sugar" into pyruvate to generate ATP.

in prokaryates billions of years ago, no oxygen required, in cytosol

• when 2 ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate a glucose molecule
• to make it ready; activate it for chemical reactions

when the phosphorylated sugar is split to form two 3 carbon molecules called Glyceraldehyde phosphate.

converts the two Glyveraldehyde phosphates into two 3 carbon Pyruate molecules

Absence: 4ATP ( substrate level phosphorylation ) - 2ATP ( used in priming stage ) = 2ATP

Presence: 2NADH *(times) 3ATP/NADH = 6+2 = 8 ATP

The acetyl group combines with coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl-CoA

one of 3 carbons of the pyruvate is oxidized to form Co2 and a two-carbon molecule

" shuttle bus " to carry out the 2 carbon( acetyl group ) to the next stage( citric acid cycle )

2NADH *(times) 3ATP/NADH = 6 ATP

Eukarytoes: in matrix of mitochondria

Prokaryotes: in cytosol

• Combines the 2 carbon acetyl group with a four carbon molecule ( called oxaloacetate) to form a six carbon " citrate" molecule
• - A series of ractions reforms the oxaloacetate, and completely oxidizes the acetyl group into two carbon dioxide molecules.

• ( 3NADH *(times) 3ATP/NADH) = 9
• (1FADH2 *(times) 2ATP/FADH) = 2
• (1ATP/substrate level phos. ) = 1
• = 12 *(TIMES) 2 = 24 ATP / glucose molecule

• when it loses all energy, final acceptor = oxygen -> most electronegative.
• ATP made using hydrogen ion concentration difference
• the teritary structure is changing

in the plasma membrane

• - electron chain is not shut off
• - use sulphate instead SO4 = final acceptor

2ATP for Glycolysis and 2 for citric acid

• Glycolysis= 2NADH times 3ATP/NADH = 6ATP
• Acetyl CoA= 2NADH times 3ATP/NADH= 18ATP
• Citric acid cycle= 6NADH times 3ATP/NADH = 18ATP
• 2FADH2 times 2ATP/FADH2
• = 34 ATP

• very efficent 40% of energy of sugar molecule
• - 38 ATP of oxidative phos. and sustrate level phos.
• - 60% went to generating heat

• Fatty acids break off leaving 3 carbon backbone
• -> goes into glycolysis

• directly through kidneys
• they are deaminated which = NH4 ( ammonia ) is then converted to urea or detoxified in liver

the partial breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen

in cytosol of cell; outside mitochondria

substrate level phosphorylation - 2ATP

recycled vitamins in cytosol

• occurs in yeast, and involves the oxidization of one of the carbons of pyruvate to form CO2,
• and the reduction of the remaining 2 carbon molecule using NADH to form ethanol

-bread, ethanol - waste material of yeast, wie, champagne bottles

occurs in fungi and bacteria, and involves the reduction of pyruvate directly using NADH to form ethanol.

yogurt

• decrease the pH of muscle cells, denaturate the proteins ( actin, myosin )
• - cause by lack of oxygen to muscle- mitochondria shuts off