Metabolism

is the set of chemical reactions that happen in living organisms to maintain life

the high energy bonds btwn the phosphate are weak so they break easily causing a release in energy

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

• "barrier" energy that has to be provided to start a chemical reaction.
• "barrier" has to overcome to start chemical reaction.

• - reduce the barrier btwn reactants and products
• -can occur without activation energy

specific reactant molecule that binds enzymes

part of an enzyme where substrates bind and undergo a chemical reaction

• because the enzyme is changing it's shape to fit the substrate each time
• so they dont have to change enzymes each time
• - they can keep on reusing the same enzyme

• 1. correct order ( side by side ) allows chemical reactions to happen quicker
• 2. creating an environment in which the transition state is stabilized
• 3. creating an environment with the opposite charge distribution to that of the transition state

if all the molecules of enzyme in the solution are operating at full capacity (all active sites binding substrate molecules)

- too high or too low; enzyme stops working because of denaturation.

• - above or below optimal causes denaturation
• pepsin( stomach enzyme) has pH 2

- it binds to active site, preventing substrate from attching which inhibit or stop enzyme.

inhibitors: molecules that resenble substrate in structure

Ex. Use of penicillin in WW1, antibiotic works good on bacteria; it prevents formation of cell wall ( peptidoglycan )

binds to allosteric site and changes the tertiary structure of protein so active site is no longer functional.

• - shutting off all chemical pathways.
• - end product binds with allosteric site of the 1st enzyme

• Cofactor: non-protein prtion of enzyme ( less specific )
• ex. organic molecule/contains carbon

Coenzyme: organic molecule ( more specific) contains a vitamin.