BIO TEST 2

the pattern of evolution over large time scales

• 1. origin of key biochemical processes such as photosynthesis
• 2. emergence of first terrestrial vertebrates
• 3. long-term impact of mass extinction on diversity of life

3.5 bya

• 1. abiotic (non-living) synthesis of small organic molecules: amino acids, nucleotides
• 2. joining of these molecules into macromolecules including proteins and nucleotides
• 3. packaging of these proteins into "protobionts," droplets w/membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings
• 4. the origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible

reducing environment in which organic compounds formed from simple molecules

that abiotic synthesis of organic molecules possible

• accurate replication
• metabolism

collections of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by membrane-like structure

RNA not DNA

protein synthesis, enzyme-like catalyst functions (ribozyme)

sedimentary rock layers

5730 years

having 4 limbs

layered rocks that form when certain prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together

oxygen-releasing, photosynthetic bacteria

nuclear envelope, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoskeleton

mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells

mitochondria evolved before plastids through sequence of endosymbiotic events

arthropods (insects and spiders) and tetrapods

the cell wall

sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein, which allows prokaryote to adhere to substrate or to other individuals in a colony

hair-like protein appendages used to attach to substrate or one another

movement towards/away from stimulus

membrane-bounded nucleus

small rings of separately replicating DNA

when it copies its chromosome and surrounds it with tough wall. H2O removed, metabolism halts, remains dormant yet viable for a long time, hard to kill

do not

altered by uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings

bacteriophages carry bacterial genes from one host cell into another

genetic material is transferred b/w 2 bacterial cells that are temporarily joined

consists of about 25 genes, most required for production of sex pili

resistance genes

use O2 for cellular respiration

poisoned by O2

substances other than O2 accept e- at downhill end of e- transport chains

use O2 if present but can also carry out anaerobic respiration of fermentation in an anaerobic environment

convert atmospheric nitrogen to NH3

N2 fixation

surface-coating colonies

use CO2 to oxidize H2 -> releasing methane as a waste product

ecological relationship in which 2 species live in close contact w/one another

ecological relationship in which a parasite eats the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of its host

pathogens

proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms

lipopolysaccharide components of outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

the use of organisms to remove pollutants from air, soil, water

are not

protein shell enclosing the viral genome built from capsomeres

are derived from membranes of host cell, contain host cell phospholipids and membrane proteins

viruses that infect bacteria

specific variety of hosts that viruses can infect

phage that reproduces only by lytic cycle

cut up DNA identified as foreign, restrict the ability of the phage to infect the bacterium

kills host

doesn't kill host

when viral DNA integrated into bacterial chromosome

RNA animal viruses w/most complicated reproductive cycles

transcribes RNA template into DNA, providing RNA -> DNA, which is opposite of usual direction

• 1. mutation of existing viruses
• 2. dissemination of a viral disease from a small, isolated human population
• 3. spread of existing viruses from other animals

• 1. horizontal transmission: infected from an external source
• 2. vertical transmission: infection by a parent

circular RNA molecules that infect plants

infections proteins which appear to cause a number of degenerate brain diseases in various animal species.

long incubation time, virtually indestructible

application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data

distances b/w markers expressed by some physical measure, usually #base pairs along the DNA.

cutting DNA of each chromosome into a # of restriction fragments then determining the original order of the fragments in the chromosomal DNA

systematic study of full protein sets encoded by genomes

former genes that have accumulated mutations over time and become non-functional

consists of sequences that are present in multiple copies of the genome

stretches of DNA that can move from one location to another within genome

move within genome by means of a DNA intermediate

move by means of RNA intermediate that is a transcript of the retrotransposon DNA

contains many copies of tandemly repeated short sequences

collections of 2 or more identical/very similar genes

180-nucleotide sequence that specifies a 60-amino acid homeodomain in the encoded proteins

flagellated spores

the sporophytes and gametophytes are structurally different

the sporophytes and gametophytes look similar

opisthokont, amoebozoan

• red algae
• green algae
• land plants

• forams
• radiolarians
• chlorarachniophytes

• alveolata
• stramenopiles

• diplomonads
• parabasalids
• euglenozoa

• dinoflagellates
• apicomplexans
• ciliates

• diatoms
• golden algae
• brown algae
• oomycetes

slime molds, gymnamoebas, entamoeba

a single mass of cytoplasm that is undivided by plasma membranes and that contains many diploid nuclei

organisms that use energy from light (or inorganic chemicals) to convert carbon dioxide to organic compounds

• 1. rosette-shaped cellulose-synthesizing complexes
• 2. peroxisome enzymes
• 3. flagellated sperm
• 4. formation of a phragmoplast

do not

• liverworts
• hornworts
• mosses

lycophytes and pterophytes

a collection of organisms that share a common level of biological organization or adaptation

an embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat

gymnosperms and angiosperms

long, tubular cingle cells (in liverworts and hornworts) and filaments of cells (in mosses) that anchor gametophyte

allow the exchange of CO2 and O2 between the outside air and the sporophyte interior, water evaporates from here

most of the water and minerals

sugars, amino acids, organic products

homosporous

envelops and protects the megasporangium

usually green and enclose the flower before it opens

produce microspores

where pollen is produced

make megaspores

do not

network of tiny filaments

interowven mass that infiltrates the material on which the fungus feeds

the hyphae are divided into cells by these cross-walls

the union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia