Immunology

Two types of host defense systems

First line of defense; nonspecific; always present

Specific or acquired defense

Two major classes of lymphocytes in adaptive immunity

Lymphocyte most responsible for the clearance of extracellular microbes

Lymphocyte population most responsible for the clearance of intracellular microbes

Classes of T cells

Substance, usually foreign, that reacts with an antibody

Substance, usually foreign, that elicits an immune response

Lymphocyte population that secretes antibodies

Lymphocyte population that directly kills infected cells

Lymphocyte population that helps B cells make antibodies

Lymphocyte population that helps activate macrophages

Active immunity that is naturally acquired

Active immunity that is artificially acquired

Passive immunity that is naturally acquired (2)

Passive immunity that is artificially acquired

Maturation stage of a mature lymphocyte that has not yet engaged antigen

Maturation stage of a mature lymphocyte that has been activated by antigen

Maturation stage of a mature lymphocyte that is long-lived and ready to rapidly respond to antigen on the second/subsequent exposures

Secondary lymphoid tissue where the response occurs to blood-borne antigens

Secondary lymphoid tissue where the response occurs to tissue-borne antigens (4)

Major cell types involved in innate immunity (4)

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Primary lymphoid tissue (2)

Anatomic location where stem cells reside

Anatomic location of B cell maturation

Anatomic site of T cell maturation

Cells that capture and present peptides to T cells

Professional antigen-presenting cells (4)

Response to first exposure to an antigen

Response to repeat encounters with the same antigen

Major antibody produced in serum during primary immune response

Major antibody produced in serum during secondary immune response

Anatomic location of T cells in lymph nodes

Anatomic location of B cells in lymph nodes

Anatomic location of T cells in spleen

Specialized venules in lymph nodes where T cells enter

Cellular receptors for microbial antigens on innate immune cells

LPS, Peptidoglycan, Lipteichoic Acid, Viral RNA, Fungal Mannans

General characteristics of innate immunity

Extensive physical barrier to infection

Most active phagocytic cell and most abundant circulating WBC

Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells

Lysozyme, reactive oxygen intermediates, nitric oxide

Enzyme responsible for production of reactive oxygen species

Pro-inflammatory cytokines that target endothelium, among others (2)

Adhesion molecules expressed on endothelium that mediate rolling of leukocytes

Adhesion molecules expressed on leukocytes that mediate tethering of leukocytes

Lymphocytes of innate immunity that provide early defense against viral infections

Major source of interferon-gamma (IFN) in innate immune response

Structural domains found on inhibitory receptors of NK cells

Structural domains found on activating receptors of NK cells

Intraepithelial lymphocytes that are early sentinels of bacterial infections

Activator of classical pathway of complement

Activator of alternative pathway of complement

Activator of lectin pathway of complement

Major opsonin generated by complement activation

Pro-inflammatory molecules generated by complement activation (2)

Polymeric protein complex that lyses microbes

Cytokines that activate endothelium (2)

Class of cytokines that increase integrin affinity and are chemotacic

Cytokine that induces interferon-gamma production by NK cells and T cells

Cytokine that activates macrophages

Anti-viral cytokines

Cytokine that downregulates immune responses

Pro-inflammatory Cytokines (3)

Inducers of the acute phase response (3)

Induces proliferation of plasma cells

C-reactive protein, mannose-binding lectin and others

Signals generated by innate immune response to stimulate lymphocytes (3)

Substances given with vaccines that stimulate immune responses

Neutrophils, Macrophages, Lymphocytes, Basophils, Eosinophils

Processed peptides bound to MHC molecules

Recognition by T cells of peptides bound to one's own MHC molecules

Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

Another name for an immature dendritic cell in the skin

Transports antigen from epithelia to draining lymph node

Destination of antigens captured in epithelia and sub-epithelial tissues (4)

Destination of blood-borne pathogens

Microbial-induced activators of dendritic cells (3)

Destination of dendritic cells in lymph nodes

Chemical signal that attracts activated dendritic cells to draining lymph nodes

Afferent lymphatic vessel--lymph node--efferent lymphatic vessel

Human Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins

Genes that encode the Class I MHC molecules

Cells that express Class I MHC molecules

Genes that encode the Class II MHC molecules

Cells that express Class II MHC molecules

Set of MHC alleles present on each chromosome

MHC molecules that are recognized by CD8+ T cells

MHC molecules that are recognized by CD4+ T cells

Domains of peptide-binding groove of MHC Class I molecules (2)

CD8 binding site of MHC class I molecules

Domains of peptide-binding groove of MHC class II molecules (2)

CD4 binding site of MHC Class II molecule

Source of antigens for MHC Class I molecules

Source of antigens for MHC Class II molecules

Site of peptide loading for MHC Class I molecules

Site of peptide loading for MHC Class II molecules

Enzymes that generate peptides for MHC Class I molecules

Enzymes that generate peptides for MHC Class II molecules

T cell population that responds to peptide: MHC Class II molecules

T cell population that responds to peptide: MHC Class I molecules

Two heavy chains and two light chains

Antigen-binding domains of a B cell receptor (BCR)
(2)

Predominant version of T cell receptor in adaptive immunity

Antigen-binding domains of the T cell receptor (TCR)
(2)

Signaling molecules of BCR complex (2)

Signaling molecules of TCR complex

Complexes of peptide: MHC molecules

Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, small chemicals

Cells whose antigen receptors are both membrane bound and secreted

Portion of Ig molecule that binds antigens

Portion of Ig molecule that binds complement

Portion of Ig molecule that binds to macrophages

Number of antigen binding sites on the TCR

Most abundant antibody in the bloodstream

IgG heavy chain

Antibody found in GI tract, colostrum, sweat, tears, saliva

IgA heavy chain

Pentameric antibody that potently activates complement

IgM heavy chain

Only antibody that crosses the placenta

Major class of antibody directed at helminth infections

IgE heavy chain

Classes of antibody that serve as BCR on naive B cells (2)

IgD heavy chain

Antibody that activates mast cells

Opsonizing antibodies (2)

Two classes of Ig that possess a J chain

Half-life of IgG

Derivation of antibodies from a single clone of B lymphocytes that have identical antigen specificity

Ig light chains (2)

Portion of Ig molecule that determines isotype

Activated and differentiated B cell that secretes antibody

Gene segments in variable regions of Ig heavy chain and TCR beta chain (3)

First recombination event in BCR heavy chain and TCR beta chain

Ig light chain and TCR alpha chain gene segments in variable regions (2)

Rearrangment of V, D, and J segments

Process that ensures expression of BCR with single specificity

Change of Ig class but preservation of antigen specificity

Nucleotide changes in variable regions of Ig genes affecting affinity for antigen

Enzymes responsible for somatic recombination

Number of CDRs in an intact TCR

Total number of V-(D)-J combinations

Number of CDRs in an intact BCR

Stage of B cell with no detectable recombination events

Stage of B cell with recombined H chain and μ RNA and surrogate light chains

Stage of B cell with IgM expressed on surface

Stage of B cell with IgM and IgD expressed on surface

Stage of T cell with no recombined beta chain

Stage of T cell with recombined beta chain and expressed pre-Talpha

Stage of T cell with expressed TCR adn both CD4 and CD8

Weak recognition of MHC Class II + self-peptide

Weak recognition of MHC Class I + self-peptide

No recognition of MHC + self-peptide

Strong recognition of MHC + self-peptide

Intracellular location of phagocytized microbes

Location of most intracellular pathogens that have invaded cells

T cell accessory molecule that binds co-stimulators

T cell accessory molecule involved in negative regulation of activated T cells

APC molecule that provides second signal to T cells

T cell accessory molecules involved in signal transduction (4)

T cell accessory molecules involved in adhesion (2)

Substances that induce expression of co-stimulators on APCs

Autocrine cytokine that promotes T cell proliferation

Region of contact between APC and T cell

Anatomical site of activation of T cells by APCs

Tyrosine motifs on CD3 and ζ (zeta) chains involved in signaling

Tyrosine kinase that triggers several signaling pathways

High affinity version of the IL-2 receptor

T cell population that defends against intracellular microbes

Cytokines that drive development of Th1 cells (2)

Signature cytokines of Th1 cells (3)

T cell population that defends against extracellular microbes

Cytokine that drives development of Th2 cells

Signature cytokines of Th2 cells (3)

T cell population involved in inflammatory disorders

Signature cytokines of Th17 (2)

Cytokine that inhibits T cell activation

Cytokine that induces B cell switching to produce IgE

Cytokine that activates eosinophils

T cell population that drives activation of macrophages and production of some classes of antibodies

T cell population that drives production of some classes of antibodies

T cell population that directly kills infected cells

Ligand expressed on CD4+ T cells that makes APC better at stimulating T cells

Defense against ingested microbes

Defense against infected cells with microbes in cytoplasm

Anatomical site of activation of naive T cells

Anatomical site of antigen elimination by effector T cells

Homing molecules on activated T cells (4)

Homing molecules on naive T cells (3)

Immune-mediated tissue damage

Effector cell of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)

Major cytokine that activates macrophages to kill ingested microbes

Skin test that detects DTH response to Mycobacteria

Time frame to elicit a DTH reaction

Mechanisms of damage in DTH (3)

Chronic CMI response to TB

Defense against helminth infections

Enzymes that cleave and activate caspases

Protein necessary for delivery of Granzymes into target cells

Mechanism of CTL-mediated killing of target cell

Cytokines that inhibit microbicidal activity of macrophages (3)

Activating signals for CTLs

Viral-induced mechanism of immune evasion

Mycobacteria-induced mechanism of immune evasion

T-dependent antigens

Polysaccharides, lipids, small chemicals, nucleic acids

B cell population that resides in follicles of lymph nodes

B cell population that resides in marginal zones of spleen

B cell population that resides in mucosa and peritoneum

B cell populations that produce primarily IgM (2)

Major antibody produced in primary response

Major antibody produced in secondary response (3)

Components of B cell co-receptor complex (3)

Components of B cell antigen-receptor complex (3)

Ligand for CR2

Anatomical site of activation of naive B cells

Mechanism of helper T cell-induced activation of B cells

Effector mechanism of B cells in humoral immunity

Inducers of heavy chain isotope switching

Basis of X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome

Enzyme that induces switch recombination

Major cytokine that induces switchin gto IgG

Major cytokine that induces switching to IgE

Major cytokine that induces switching to IgA

Process that increases affinity of antibody for antigen

Anatomical site where affinity maturation occurs

Enzyme that results in numerous point mutations in Ig genes

Mechanism of affinity maturation

This type of antigen induces primarily an IgM response

This type of antigen results in isotype switching

Receptor that mediates antibody feedback

Most important antibody for complement activation

Primary antibody for defense against helminths

Antibody that provides mucosal immunity

Antibody that crosses the placenta to protect neonates

Major opsonizing antibody

Neutralizing antibodies (2)

Antibody that mediates mast cell degranulation

Binds to dimeric IgA and facilitates transcytosis

NK cell-mediated killing of IgG-coated cells

Fc receptor involved in ADCC

Fc receptor involved in mast cell degranulation

Fc receptor involved in down-regulation of B cell activity

Fc receptor involved in transporting IgG from blood to extracellular spaces

C3 convertase of classical pathway

Complement products that are chemotactic

C3 convertase of alternative pathway

Stabilizes C3bBb complex on pathogen surface

Components of membrane attack complex

C5 convertase of classical pathway

C5 convertase of alternative pathway

Component of MAC that polymerizes

Complement product that is an opsonin

Deficiency of this complement regulatory protein results in Hereditary Angioneurotic Edema

Host protein that displaces Bb from C3b

Proteins unique to the alternative pathway of complement (3)

Type of immune protection induced by bacterial vaccines

Type of immune protection from live attenuated viral vaccines (2)

Type of immune protection from subunit vaccines

Type of immune protection from conjugate vaccines

Type of immune protection from synthetic vaccines

Mechanism of immune evasion by altering surface antigens recognized by immune system