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Bennett, Michael
Historian; described the G.I. Bill’s expansion of suburbs
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Berle, Adolf
Brain trust member who criticized big business
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Bernanke, Ben
Current chair of the Federal Reserve Board; demonstrated that bank failures harm small businesses by reducing the amount of available credit
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Bernstein, Michael
Economic historian who argues that the Great Depression occurred because new technology revolutionized the economy
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Brown, Cary
Economist who proved that federal spending surpassed contracted state and local expenditures in two years between 1933 and 1940
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Currie, Laughlin
Part of an informal council of economic advisors during Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidency
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Eccles, Marriner
Keynesian economist who served as Federal Reserve chair; supported underconsumption theory even when it was still unpopular
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Fisher, Irving
Famous economist who believed that stock prices would be permanently high; supported the use of scrip
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Foster, William T.
Former college president; co-wrote The Road to Plenty with Waddill Catchings, a book that claimed raising government spending could eliminate underconsumption
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Friedman, Milton
Economist who won the Nobel Prize in economics; believed that the Federal Reserve did “too little, too late” to stop the Great Depression
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Galbraith, John Kenneth
Historian and economist who largely blames the Federal Reserve for the Great Depression; part of an informal council of economic advisors during Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidency
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Hansen, Alvin
Economist who believed in mature capitalism; one of Keynes’s American disciples
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Heller, Walter
Council of Economic Advisors chair; suggested that Lyndon Johnson raise taxes because of the Vietnam War’s high cost
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Jackson, Kenneth
Urban historian who noted the Federal Housing Administration seemed to endorse segregation and prejudice by labeling many black areas as red-lined neighborhoods
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Keynes, John Maynard
Economist who first proposed that underconsumption caused the Great Depression
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Keyserling, Leon
Member of the early Council of Economic Advisors; supported the New Deal and labor movement
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Kuznets, Simon
Winner of the Nobel Prize in economics and father of national income accounting; supported the maldistribution thesis by showing that during the 1920s, the rich grew richer while the poor grew poorer
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Laffer, Arthur
Ronald Reagan’s chief economist; demonstrated his supply-side beliefs by claiming that high taxes hinder growth
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Leuchtenburg, William E.
New Deal historian who referred to Roosevelt as the “first modern president”
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Lynd, Helen
Half of the sociologist couple who investigated a rising interest in public affairs in Muncie, Indiana
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Lynd, Robert
Half of the sociologist couple who investigated a rising interest in public affairs in Muncie, Indiana
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Marx, Karl
Philosopher and social scientist whose ideas formed the basis for socialism; foresaw and explained the Great Depression
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Means, Gardiner
Part of an informal council of economic advisors during Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidency
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Nourse, Edwin
First chair of the Council of Economic Advisors; a conservative economist
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Samuelson, Paul
American Keynesian economist that supported expansionary policy during recessions and contractionary policy during times of inflation
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Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr.
Historian who divided the New Deal into a first and second New Deal; noted that the Home Owners Loan Corporation garnered much middle class support for the New Deal
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Schumpeter, Joseph
Austrian economist who coined the term “creative destruction”
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Schwartz, Anna
Researcher who worked with Milton Friedman; worked with him to calculate real interest rates during the Great Depression
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Sweezy, Alan
Part of an informal council of economic advisors during Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidency
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Tugwell, Rexford
Economist who served as director of the Resettlement Administration; nationalist who believed that welfare should be consistent across the nation
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Von Hayek, Friedrich
Austrian economist who claimed that the Federal Reserve’s interference prevented market forces from reaching equilibrium
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Williams, William Appleman
Historian who asserted that the expansion of international markets fueled American pursuit of good foreign relations
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Catchings, Waddill
Industrial financier; co-wrote The Road to Plenty with William T. Foster, a book in which they argued that raising government spending could eliminate underconsumption
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DuPont family
Leaders of major American companies; members of the American Liberty League
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Filene, Edward A.
Department store owner who understood the need for cooperation between big business and government
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Ford, Henry
Creator of the assembly line and an entrepreneur who dabbled in public utilities; opposed unions
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Insull, William
Public utility investor whose holding company failed, leading Americans to favor a government-run utilities project
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Merrill, Charles
Founder of Merrill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner, and Smith; abolished the practice of commissions of sales staff
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Mitchell, Charles A.
Banker from the National City Bank who disapproved of the Federal Reserve’s tight money policy and wanted to increase the amount of money in the broker’s loan market
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Ponzi, Charles
Boston vegetable salesman, forger, smuggler, and con artist; namesake of Ponzi schemes
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Rockefellers
Family who owned Standard Oil; fruitlessly made a $50 million purchase in order to maintain Standard Oil stock prices
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Schwab, Charles
Stockbroker; one of the first businessmen to sell investment portfolios
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Sloan, Alfred P.
General Motors market director who gave cars attractive features, including different designs, colors, self-starters, and windshield wipers
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Warner, Jack
Movie tycoon who understood the need for cooperation between big business and government
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Bethune, Mary McLeod
Eminent educator who headed the National Youth Administration division of African American affairs
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Black, Hugo
Supreme Court Justice from Alabama; appointed by Roosevelt to fill the spot left by Van Devanter
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Brandeis, Louis
Lawyer who was part of the National Resources Board; later became a Supreme Court Justice who believed in judicial restraint
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Bush, George H.W.
- Reagan’s vice president and Republican president from 1989 to 1993;
- advocate of small government
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Butler, Pierce
Supreme Court Justice during the New Deal; one of the four horsemen of the apocalypse
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Cardozo, Benjamin
Supreme Court Justice during the New Deal; believed in judicial restraint
-
Carter, Jimmy
Democratic president from 1977 to 1981
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Cermak, Anton
Mayor of Chicago; informed a House committee that Hoover had to decide between financial relief or army mobilization
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Chamberlain, Neville
British prime minister; supported the policy of appeasement
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Cleveland, Grover
Democratic president from 1885 to 1889 and 1893 to 1897
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Collier, John
Commissioner of Indian Affairs under Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration; formerly a social worker
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Coolidge, Calvin
Republican president from 1923 to 1929 who oversaw tax cuts for upper income families and individuals
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Daladier, Edouard
French premier; supported the policy of appeasement
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Dies, Martin
Texas Representative; chair of the House Committee on Un-American Activities, which accused the FAP of spreading communist propaganda
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Douglas, William
Lawyer who was part of the National Resources Board; later became a Supreme Court Justice
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Eisenhower, Dwight D.
Republican president from 1953 to 1961 who did not approve of new economic innovations
-
Franco, Francisco
Fascist general who triumphed over the Spanish republican government, partially due to American neutrality
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Frankfurter, Felix
New Deal administrator who was skeptical of an overly strong federal government
-
Harding, Warren G.
Republican president from 1921 to 1923
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Hawley, Willis C.
Half of the legislative pair that proposed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff
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Hitler, Adolf
Leader of the National Socialist Party in Germany; expanded his control of the country by stifling dissent and giving Jews only second class citizenship
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Hoover, Herbert
Secretary of commerce and United States president; asked businesses to maintain price levels and insisted on a balanced federal budget
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Hopkins, Harry
Head of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Works Progress Administration; maximized employment rather than efficiency in public works projects
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Hughes, Charles Evan
Chief Justice appointed by Hoover; a swing vote on the issue of economic regulation
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Hurley, Patrick
Hoover’s Secretary of War who cleared occupied buildings during the Bonus Expeditionary Force’s protest
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Ickes, Harold
Director of the Public Works Administration
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Jackson, Andrew
Democratic president from 1829 to 1837 who worked to dismantle the United States Bank in the 1830s
-
Johnson, Lyndon Baines
Democratic president from 1963 to 1969 who served as a member of the National Resources Board
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Kai-shek, Chiang
Leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party; fought Communists and the Japanese
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Kennedy, John F.
Democratic president from 1961 to 1963 who wanted to run a budget deficit by raising spending and reducing taxes at the same time
-
Kennedy, Joseph P.
Businessman appointed by Roosevelt to lead the Securities andExchange Commission
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Landon, Alfred
Republican presidential candidate in 1936; not a popular choice for his party due to his progressive attitude and acceptance of the New Deal
-
Lemke, William
Union Party presidential candidate during the 1936 elections; a populist who believed Roosevelt was not liberal enough
-
Lincoln, Abraham
Republican president from 1861 to 1865 who won the 1864 presidential election by a wide margin due to the secession of the southern states
-
Long, Huey
Governor of Louisiana during the late 1920s whose populist beliefs secured a great deal of support for him; assassinated in September 1935
-
McReynolds, James
Supreme Court Justice during the New Deal; one of the four horsemen of the apocalypse
-
Mendieta, Carlos
Cuban politician who seized power after the American navy suppressed the revolution led by Grau San Martin
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Merriam, Frank
Republican gubernatorial candidate who supported Francis Townsend’s pension plan idea
-
Morgenthau, Henry Jr.
Secretary of the Treasury who was skeptical of an overly strong federal government
-
Mussolini, Benito
Fascist dictator of Italy who invaded Ethiopia
-
Norris, George
Progressive Republican senator from Nebraska who supported a dam project for irrigation and the generation of electricity
-
Pecora, Ferdinand
Member of the Senate committee who harshly interrogated J.P. Morgan about why he had not paid income taxes
-
Perkins, Frances
Roosevelt’s secretary of labor who was the first woman in the Presidential Cabinet; supported pension plans
-
Rayburn, Sam
Political dealmaker who was part of the National Resources Board
-
Reagan, Ronald
Republican president from 1981 to 1989 who abolished many New Deal reforms despite adopting Roosevelt’s personal style
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Roberts, Owen
Justice appointed by Hoover; a swing vote on the issue of economic regulation
-
Roosevelt, Eleanor
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s wife; civil rights activist
-
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
Democratic president from 1933 to 1945 who instituted the New Deal and led the United States in joining World War II
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Roosevelt, Theodore
Republican president from 1901 to 1909 who promoted National Parks and employed power politics; inspired Franklin D. Roosevelt
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San Martin, Grau
Leader of a Cuban revolution of intellectuals, laborers, and peasants
-
Smith, Al
Democratic presidential candidate in 1924
-
Smoot, Reed
Half of the legislative pair that proposed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff
-
Stalin, Joseph
Leader of the communist Soviet Union; repressed citizens in order to achieve major industrial growth
-
Steagall, Henry
Alabama Representative; contributed to the addition of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to the Glass-Steagall Banking Act
-
Stone, Harlan
Supreme Court Justice during the New Deal; believed in judicial restraint
-
Sutherland, George
Supreme Court Justice during the New Deal; one of the four horsemen of the apocalypse
-
Truman, Harry
Democratic president from 1945 to 1953 who proposed the Fair Deal
-
Van Devanter, Willis
Supreme Court Justice during the New Deal; one of the four horsemen of the apocalypse
-
Vandenberg, Arthur
Michigan Senator; contributed to the addition of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to the Glass-Steagall Banking Act
-
Vargas, Getulio D.
Nationalist president of Brazil; supported by the middle class due to his pro-industrial beliefs
-
Wagner, Robert
New York senator who served as National Labor Board chair; proposed a new bill in order to protect laborers from corporations
-
Wallace, Henry A.
Nationalist who wanted standardized welfare across the United States
-
Wilson, Woodrow
Democratic president from 1913 to 1921 who segregated federal offices; thought of Hoover as an ideal successor and mentored Franklin D. Roosevelt
-
Zedong, Mao
Leader of Chinese Communists who fought against Chiang Kai-shek
-
Alger, Horatio
19th-century author who wrote many novels narrating rags-to-riches stories
-
Chase, Stuart
Amateur economist and author of A New Deal; wrote that Americans lived with a new “economy of abundance”
-
Ellison, Ralph
Writer supported by the Federal Arts Project
-
Faulkner, William
Southern writer who examined the suffering of southerners, which was caused by their history of slavery and the loss of the Civil War
-
Hearst, William Randolph
Conservative publisher who dreaded a communist takeover
-
Hickok, Lorena
Reporter who commented on how federal aid helped poor women
-
Hook, Sidney
Writer who stated that capitalism degraded people and ideas “by setting a cash value on them”
-
Howe, Louis McHenry
New York journalist who acted as Roosevelt’s publicity manager and advisor for 22 years
-
Lippman, Walter
Columnist who felt disappointed when Roosevelt abandoned the League of Nations in order to appease isolationists
-
Pringle, Henry
Journalist; during the 1920 presidential campaign, noticed Roosevelt’s charisma and good health but not his ideas and arguments
-
Raskob, John Jacob
Writer of the article “Everybody Ought to Be Rich,” which the Ladies Home Journal published
-
Sinclair, Upton
California author who wrote The Jungle; used his popularity to run for governor unsuccessfully with his End Poverty In California platform
-
Soule, George
One of the earliest columnists to argue that the economic policy’s main goals should be high wages and high purchasing power
-
Steinbeck, John
Author of The Grapes of Wrath, which revealed the cruelty of California grape growers
-
Anderson, Marian
Globally famous African-American opera singer whom the Daughters of the American Revolution refused the right to sing in Constitution Hall
-
Astaire, Fred
Musical comedy star
-
Barrow, Clyde
Western criminal and auto bandit; partner of Bonnie Park
-
Benny, Jack
Radio comedian
-
Bridges, Harry
Leader of the International Longshoremen’s Association; organized the San Francisco General Strike
-
Burns, George
Radio comedian
-
Cagney, James
Famous actor who starred in both Public Enemy and G-Men
-
Capone, Al
Mafia boss who led the Chicago Outfit
-
Capra, Frank
Director who examined political corruption in Mr. Deeds Goes to a Town and Mr. Smith goes to Washington
-
Corcoran, Thomas
Lawyer who served on the National Resources Board
-
Coughlin, Charles Edward Priest famous for his radio show “The Golden Hour of the Little Flower”; railed against both communism and big business
-
Delano, Sara
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s mother who was his father’s second wife; married her husband when she was 26 and he was 52
-
Dillinger, John
Western bank robber and auto bandit
-
Floyd, Charles
Western bandit; known as “Pretty Boy” Floyd
-
Frank, Jerome
Lawyer who served on the National Resources Board Social Science Power Guide | 156
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Green, William
President of the American Federation of Labor; opposed public works projects
-
Hardy, Andy
A fictional character in nine moves produced by MGM; experienced no problems that his father could not fix
-
Karpis, Alvin
Western bandit
-
Lange, Dorothea
Photographer hired by the Farm Security Administration to record the suffering of workers employed by large plantations
-
Lewis, John L.
Leader of the United Mine Workers; formed the Congress of Industrial Organizations after conflict with the American Federation of Labor at an Atlantic City convention
-
Lindbergh, Charles
Pilot who flew nonstop from New York to Paris in 1927; the kidnapping and death of his infant son prompted reform of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
-
Macarthur, Douglas
General who would ultimately become famous for his efforts in World War II and the Korean War; stopped the Bonus Army protest
-
Mercer, Lucy
Eleanor Roosevelt’s social secretary; Franklin Roosevelt’s mistress
-
Park, Bonnie
Clyde Barrow’s partner in crime
-
Pollock, Jackson
Artist supported by the Federal Arts Project
-
Randolph, Asa Philip
Leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; proposed a March on Washington to protest segregation
-
Reeve, Arthur
Radio journalist; represented pre-New Deal disillusionment with the financial and political elite
-
Reuther, Walter
An organizer of the United Automobile Workers; future union president who was physically harmed by police at a Michigan protest
-
Rogers, Ginger
Musical comedy star
-
Rooney, Mickey
Actor; played the character of Andy Hardy in nine moves produced by MGM
-
Roosevelt, James
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s father who served as town selectman and a member of the local state hospital board
-
Salk, Jonas
Medical researcher; developed a vaccine for poliomyelitis
-
Superman
Comic book hero and radio character; “man of steel” whom only Kryptonite and Lois Lane could weaken
-
Townsend, Francis
Doctor from Long Beach, California who developed the idea for an elderly pension plan
-
Tracy, Dick
Radio character on an adventure show
-
West, Mae
Actress known for sexual innuendo in the early 1930s
-
Wright, Richard
Writer supported by the Federal Arts Project
-
Zangara, Giuseppe
Italian construction worker who attempted to assassinate Roosevelt two weeks before his inauguration; fatally wounded Anton Cermak instead
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