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Which artery is used for measuring blood pressure?
Brachial Artery
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Which artery is used for taking the pulse?
Radial Artery
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What vein is commonly used for drawing blood?
Median cubital vein
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What artery helps to supply the shoulder?
Branches of the subclavian artery in the root of the neck
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What are the subdivisions of the upper extremity (6)?
- 1. Shoulder
- 2. Arm or brachium
- 3. Elbow and cubital fossa
- 4. Forearm or antebrachium
- 5. Wrist or carpus
- 6. Hand
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What regions compose the shoulder?
- 1. Scapular region
- 2. Deltoid region
- 3. Pectoral region
- 4. Axilla or armpit
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What regions compose the hand?
- 1. Dorsum
- 2. Palm
- 3. Digits:
- a. thumb or pollex
- b. fingers - index, middle, ring, and little
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What components does the skeleton of the upper extremity include (6)?
- 1. Shoulder or pectoral girdle
- 2. Humerus
- 3. Radius and ulna
- 4. Carpals (8)
- 5. Metacarpals (5)
- 6. Phalanges (14)
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What bones make up the shoulder or pectoral girdle?
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What are the 8 carpal bones?
- (lateral to medial)
- Proximal row: (1) scaphoid, (2) lunate, (3) triquetrum, (4) pisiform
- Distal row: (1) trapezium, (2) trapezoid, (3) capitate, (4) hamate
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How do the phalanges differ between the thumb and the fingers?
- Thumb - proximal and distal phalanges
- Each finger - proximal, middle, and distal phalanges
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What joints are included in the upper extremity (12)?
- 1. sternoclavicular joint
- 2. acromioclavicular joint
- 3. shoulder joint or glenohumeral joint
- 4. elbow joint or humeroradial joint
- 5. humeroulnar joints
- 6. radioulnar joints
- 7. wrist joint or radiocarpal joint
- 8. intercarpal joints
- 9. midcarpal joint
- 10. carpometacarpal (CMC) joints
- 11. metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints
- 12. interphalangeal (IP) joints
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What are the regions of a radioulnar joint?
proximal, middle (interosseous membrane), and distal
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How do the interphalangeal (IP) joints differ between the thumb and the fingers?
- Thumb - one IP joint
- Each finger - proximal and distal IP joints
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What movements can the scapula (and clavicle at the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints) perform (6)?
- 1. elevation
- 2. depression
- 3. protraction (abduction)
- 4. retraction (adduction)
- 5. upward rotation
- 6. downward rotation
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Describe scapular elevation.
bringing the scapula toward the head (shrugging the shoulder up)
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Describe scapular depression.
lowering the scapula
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Describe scapular protraction.
abduction - moving the scapula away from the vertebral column as in reaching and pushing
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Describe scapular retraction.
adduction - moving the scapula back toward the vertebral column
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Describe upward rotation of the scapula.
When the arm is raised (abducted), the inferior angle moves laterally and the glenoid cavity moves upward
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Describe downward rotation of the scapula.
When the arm is lowered (adducted), the inferior angle moves medially and the glenoid cavity moves downward
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What movements can the arm (humerus at the shoulder joint) perform (9)?
- 1. flexion
- 2. extension
- 3. abduction
- 4. adduction
- 5. circumduction
- 6. medial or internal rotation
- 7. lateral or external rotation
- 8. horizontal abduction
- 9. horizontal adduction
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Describe arm flexion.
forward movement of the arm
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Describe arm extension.
backward movement of the arm
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Describe arm abduction.
raising the arm laterally away from the body
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Describe arm adduction.
bringing the arm toward the side
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Describe arm circumduction.
a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, so that the hand describes a circle
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Describe medial or internal rotation of the arm.
a rotation about its long axis so that the anterior surface of the arm is turned inward toward the body
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Decribe lateral or external rotation of the arm.
turning the anterior surface of the arm outward
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Describe horizontal abduction.
- a transverse-plane motion that the arm moves horizontally backward and outward from a starting position of
- 90º of shoulder flexion
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Describe horizontal adduction.
- a transverse-plane motion that the arm moves horizontally forward and inward from a starting position of
- 90º of shoulder abduction
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Where do horizontal abduction and adduction both occur?
with the arm at 90º of flexion
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What movements can the forearm (radius and ulna at the elbow joint (2 movements) and radioulnar joints (2 movements)) perform?
- Elbow joint:
- 1. flexion
- 2. extension
- Radioulnar joints
- 1. pronation
- 2. supination
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Describe elbow joint flexion of the forearm.
bending the elbow or decreasing the angle between forearm and arm
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Describe elbow joint extension of the forearm.
straightening the elbow or increasing the angle between forearm and arm
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Decribe radioulnar joint pronation of the forearm.
turning the palm of the hand down with the elbow flexed 90º
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Describe radioulnar joint supination of the forearm.
turning the palm up
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What movements can the hand (radiocarpal and midcarpal joints) perform?
- 1. flexion
- 2. extension
- 3. ulnar deviation
- 4. radial deviation
- 5. circumduction
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Describe hand flexion.
bending the palm toward the anterior surface of the forearm
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Describe hand extension.
bending the dorsum of the hand toward the posterior surface of the forearm
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Describe ulnar deviation of the hand.
adduction - movement toward the ulnar side in the plane of the extended hand
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Describe radial deviation of the hand.
abduction - movement toward radial side.
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Describe circumduction of the hand.
combination of flexion, extension, ulnar deviation, and radial deviation (4) so that the hand describes a circle
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Flexion and extension of the fingers takes place in what plane?
sagittal plane
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Describe finger flexion.
Bending the fingers.
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Describe finger extension.
Straightening the fingers.
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Finger abduction and adduction occur in what plane?
frontal plane
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Describe finger abduction.
Spreading the fingers apart
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Describe finger adduction
Bringing the fingers together
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What movements can the hand (metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints) perform?
- 1. Flexion
- 2. Extension
- 3. Abduction
- 4. Adduction
- 5. Circumduction
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Why is the thumb positioned differently than the fingers?
During evolution the thumb rotated 90 degrees medially with respect to the fingers.
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What movements can the thumb (CMC, MCP, and IP joints) perform?
- 1. Flexion
- 2. Extension
- 3. Abduction
- 4. Adduction
- 5. Opposition
- 6. Circumduction
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Thumb flexion and extension takes place in what plane?
frontal plane (parallel to the plane of the palm)
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Describe thumb flexion.
Bending the thumb toward the palm.
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Describe thumb extension.
movement away from the palm.
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Thumb abduction and adduction takes place in what plane?
sagittal plane (perpendicular to the plane of the palm)
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Describe thumb abduction.
Raising the thumb away from the palm.
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Describe thumb adduction.
Bringing the thumb back toward the palm.
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Describe thumb opposition.
Bringing the pad of the thumb in contact with the pad of a finger.
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Thumb opposition is a combination of what movements?
- abduction and flexion with medial rotation of the CMC joint, AND flexion of the MCP and IP joints
- (medial rotation = "making a 4")
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