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Infants _______ their birth weight by 6 months
Infants double their birth weight by 6 months
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Infants _______ their birth weight by 1 year
Infants triple their birth weight by 1 year
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Infants increase their height ____ in the first year
Infants increase their height 50% in the first year.
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By the end of the first year, the brain is already _________ of it's adult size.
By the end of the first year, the brain is already two-thirds of it's adult size.
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Chest circumfrence gains 2cm to equal head circumfrence by _____.
Chest circumfrence gains 2cm to equal head circumfrence by 12months (maybe even 6mo)
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Heart rate changes during childhood
- Fetus/Newborn: 120-160
- Infants: 100-120
- Toddler: 90-100
- Preschooler: 80-90
- School-age: 70-80
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Blood pressure changes during childhood
- Newborn: 80/40
- Infant/Toddler/Preschooler: 100/60
- School-age: 112/60
(shows the heart is becoming more efficient)
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Respiratory rate slows from _____ to _____ in the first year
Respiratory rate slows from 30-60 breaths to 20-30 breaths in the first year
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Why do infants easily get upper respiratory infections?
The lumen (tubal cavity) is small and doesn't have much mucus to clear out germs.
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Infant's gastrointestinal tract:
- lacks amylase, needed to digest carbohydrates
- can digest protein, to a point
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Infants's liver and kidney systems:
immature, may not process medication efficiently
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Infant's immune system is functional at ___
Infant's immune system is functional 2mo
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Cephalocaudal development
from head to toe
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Ventral suspension position development
- when held horizontally, in midair:
- newborn allows the head to hang
- 1mo lifts head momentarily
- 2mo holds the head on the same plane as the body
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Prone position development
- newborns can turn their head from side to side for easier breathing
- 2mo can lift their head and turn, can maintain position
- 3mo can lift head and shoulders
- 4mo can lift head, shoulders, and chest, and roll front to back
- 9mo can creep
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Neck-righting reflex
- when an infant turn the head to the side, the shoulders, trunk, and pelvis turn in that direction, too, rolling sideways
- from lying on their front to their back
- happens at 4 months
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Sitting position development
- 1-3mo had head lag (doesn't pick up head when being lifted into sitting position), needs to be propped
- 4mo has no head lag
- 6mo can sit momentarily without support
- 8mo can sit independently
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Standing position development
- 3mo try to support part of their weight
- 9mo can stand while holding onto a support
- 11mo can "cruise" - walk while holding onto objects
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Thumb opposition
- ability to bring thumb and fingers together
- develops at 4mo
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How old is an infant when they can start to hold a spoon and feed themselves?
6mo
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How old is an infant when they can transfer toys between hands?
7mo
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Pincer grasp
- ability to bring thumb and first finger together
- occurs at 10mo
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Infants can draw in a semistraight line at _____
Infants can draw in a semistraight line at 12mo.
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Language development
- 1mo - cooing sounds
- 2mo - differentiate a cry
- 4mo - very "talkative"
- 5mo - vowel sounds "goo-goo"
- 9mo - first word "da-da"
- 12mo - put two words together
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Play development
- 4mo need room to move and roll
- 5mo need objects to explore
- 8mo sensitive to textures
- 10mo peek-a-boo
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Vision development
- 1-2mo midline, center focus
- 3mo can track things (hand regard)
- 4mo recognize familiar objects
- 6mo depth perception, reaching
- 10mo object permanence
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Hearing development
- 3-4mo will turn towards sound
- 10mo can recognize name
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Emotional development
- 4mo recognize primary caregiver
- 6-7mo fear of strangers
- 9mo very aware of tone of voice
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Eighth-month anxiety
fear of strangers
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Car seat safety
- rear-facing car seat until 20lbs AND 1yr
- 5 point harness until 40lbs
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When do infants begin teething?
5-6mo
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Introducing solid foods
- recommend continuing nursing for 1 full year
- introduce foods 1 at a time, 1 per week
- 5-6mo fortified rice cereal w/ breastmilk
- then veggies, fruit, meat and egg yolk
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Colic
- a paroxysmal (sudden attack) abdominal pain
- generally occurs in infants under 3 months
- loud, intense crying
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Miliaria
prickly heat rash
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Baby-bottle syndrome
- carbohydrate in formula solutions demineralize tooth enamel until tooth decays
- teach parents not to put the baby to bed with a bottle (especially full of milk)
- replace milk with warm water if necessary to sleep
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Lordosis
- forward curve of the spine at the sacral area
- occurs in young toddlers, they then grow out of it
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Parallel play
- the side-by-side play of toddlers
- haven't yet learned how to play with other children
- provide duplicate toys to avoid arguments
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deferred imitation
18-24mo toddlers can remember an action and imitate it later
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Assimilation
toddlers cannot change their thoughts to fit a situation, so they change their perception of a situation to fit their thoughts
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Toddler's feeding habits...
- Toddler's feeding habits are less than an infant, due to their decreased growth rate
- (maintain whole milk until 2yrs old)
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Physical growth of a preschooler...
- future body types become apparent - extomorphic (slim) or endomorphic (large)
- right/left handedness becomes apparent
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Children should have all 20 deciduous teeth by age __
Children should have all 20 deciduous teeth by age 3
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Children can differentiate between real and imaginary when they are _________
Children can differentiate between real and imaginary when they are preschoolers
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Oedipus and Electra complexes
- Oedipus complex: an emotional attachment a preschool boy has towards his mother; competes with his father
- Electra complex: an emotional attachment a preschool girl has towards her father; competes with her mother
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How old are children when they begin to enjoy competitive play?
10 year old
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Elements of concrete operational thought:
- decentering
- accommodation
- conservation
- class inclusion
develops in school-age
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Formal operational thought
- the ability to think in abstract terms and use the scientific method to arrive at conclusions
- begins at age 12 or 13
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Ovum
fetal growth from ovulation to fertilization
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Zygote
fetal growth from fertilization to implantation
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Embryo
fetal growth from implantation to 5-8 weeks
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Fetus
fetal growth from 5-8 weeks until term
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Blastocyte
- a hollow sphere of cells that forms early in fetal development
- attaches to the uterine endometrium
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Trophoblast
- the outer layer of the blastocyst
- cells in the outer ring and will become the placenta and membranes
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Decidua
- after fertilization, the endometrium grows in thickness and vascularity
- called the decidua
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Erikson's psychosocial stages
- Infant: trust vs. mistrust
- Toddler: autonomy vs. shame/doubt
- Preschooler: initiative vs. guilt
- School-age: industry vs. inferiority
- Adolescents: identity vs. role confusion
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Freud's psychosexual stages
- Infant: oral
- Toddler: anal
- Preschooler: phallic
- School-age: latent (dormant)
- Adolescent: genital
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Piaget's theory of cognitive development
- Infant: sensorimotor (object permanence)
- Toddler: preoperational (learn to represent objects with words, images, drawings. Egocentric)
- Preschooler: preoperational (intuitive thought, lacks conservation, lacks reversilibity, use assimilation/accomodation, egocentric)
- School-age: concrete operational thought
- Adolescent: formal operational thought (abstract)
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What age to infants develop object permanence?
10mo
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What age can infants recognize familiar people/objects?
4mo
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What age can infants try to support their own weight?
3mo
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What age do infants begin to "cruise"?
11mo
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When can an infant recognize their own name?
10mo
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Sensorimotor stages
- primary circular reaction: 3mo explores environment with hands and mouth
- secondary circular reaction: 6mo understands that actions can initiate pleasurable sensations
- coordination of secondary schema: 10mo develops object permanence
- tertiary circular reaction: 12-18mo toddler is a "little scientist"
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Anovulation
- the absence of ovulation
- most common cause of subfertility in women
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Endometriosis
the implantatino of uterine endometrium that have spread from the interior of the uterus to locations outside the uterus
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McDonald's rule of symphysis-fundal height
the distance from the uterine fundus to the symphysis pubis in centimeters is equal to the week of gestation between the 20th and 31st weeks of pregancy
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Rhythm strip testing
- assessment of the fetal heart rate for baseline rate and the degree of variability present
- should jump 20bpm when infant moves, showing variability
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Nonstress testing
measures the response of the fetal heart rate to fetal movement
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At what age can infants start eating solid food?
4-6mo
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