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What are the 8 factors in variability?
- 1. gender
- 2. drug therapy
- 3. race
- 4. diet
- 5. age
- 6. weight
- 7. disease
- 8. genetics
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What percentage of drugs only work in 30-50% of people?
90 percent
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Getting the prescription right on the first try is important in which 4 areas?
- serious infections
- depression
- major pain
- high blood pressure
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How many base pairs were discovered in The Human Genome Project?
3 million
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Which company can decode you genome for $350,000?
KnoMe
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Which 2 companies can give you a mllion alles of common variation?
23andMe and deCODEme
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How many chromosomes do humans have?
46
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This many genes code for proteins that perform all life functions?
80,000
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The 3 different areas where variability in proteins can affect drug performance in a person?
Transporters, receptors, metabolizing enzymes
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It is estimated that up to 60% of ADRS are caused by polymorphic variation in {blank}
Cytochrome P450 metabolizing enzymes
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What is the wild type considered?
It is the native or normal.
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What does SNP stand for?
single nucleotide polymorphism
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Polymorphisms in the ______ gene account for 25% of the dose variation in warfarin
VKORC1
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What are 6 ethical issues in the patient perspective?
- 1. privacy of information
- 2. consent to testing
- 3. access to testing
- 4. preventive vs. treatment
- 5. family members
- 6. genetic discrimination (3rd party access, employment)
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What are 4 ethical issues from a provider perspective?
- 1. legal obligation (package insert, expertise)
- 2. understand signifcance (as it relates to interpretation, as it relates to patient, risk to benefit ratio)
- 3. patient counseling
- 4. confidentiality
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What is the process of converting DNA to RNA called
transcription
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What is the conversion RNA to protein called?
translation
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What is the defination of mitosis?
the process by which two identical daughter cells with identical DNA complements are formed from one progenitor cell (normal cell division process)
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What is the definition of meiosis?
meiosis is a process of reductional division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half. In animals, meiosis always results in the formation of gametes.
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The cells that result from meiosis will be in the diploid or haploid state?
haploid state
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The cells that result from mitosis will be in the diploid or haploid state?
They will be in the diploid state
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How many cells result from mitosis?
2 daughter cells
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How many cells result from meiosis?
4 haploid cells
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Do mutations occur in meiosis or mitosis?
they can occur in both
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Name some potential causes of mutations
UV radiation, ionizing radiation, viruses, chemical mutations
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What is an oligonucleotide?
is a short nucleic acid polymer, typically with twenty or fewer bases
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What is the name of the enzyme that are best-known for their role in DNA replication, in which the enzyme "reads" an intact DNA strand as a template and uses it to synthesize the new strand.?
DNA polymerase
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In which direction does DNA polymerase extend an oligonucleotide?
5' to 3' direction
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What is the rate of error in transcription?
1 error per 10 to the 8 to 10 to the 10 base pairs
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How much of the entire genome is transcribed?
1%
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What is the enzyme that synthesizes RNA?
RNA polymerase
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RNA synthesis proceeds in which direction?
5' to 3' direction
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