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fibr/o
fibrous connective tissue
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oblique
slanted or at an angle
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nocturnal myoclonus
jerking of limbs as a person is falling asleep
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impingement syndrome
inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joints
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exercise physiologist
a specialist who works under a physician's supervision to develop, implement and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical test to promote physical fitness
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heel spur
a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus (heel) bone
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myoclonus
sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
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polymyositis
a muscle disease characterized by the inflammation & weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body at the same time
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hypokinesia
abnormally decreasd muscle function or activity
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hypotonia
condition where there is dimished tone of the skeletal muscles.
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myocele
the protrusion of muscle substance through a tear in the surrounding fascia
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fascia
the sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports and separates muscles or groups of muscles
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myotonia
neuromuscular disorder characterized by the slow relaxation of the muscles after a voluntary contraction.
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-rrhaphy
surgical suturing
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hypertonia
excessive tone of the skeletal muscles
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dorsiflexion
bends the foot upward at the ankle
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circumduction
circular movement at the far end of a limb
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pronation
turns the palms of the hand downward or backward
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electroneuromyography
test and records neuromuscular activity by the electric stimulation of the nerve trunk that carries fibers to and from the muscle
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epicondylitis
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
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plantar fasciitis
inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot
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myofascial release
specialized soft tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia
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Myofascial
Means pertaining to fascia & muscle tissue
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Tendons
A narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
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Aponeurosis (ap-oh-new-ROH-sis)
A flat fibrous sheet of connective tissue that is very similar to a tendonHOWEVER!!!! It attaches a muscle to a bone or to other tissues
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The three types of muscle tissue
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Kinesiology (kih-nee-see-OL-oh-jee)
The study of muscular activity and the resulting movement of body parts
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Antagonistic Muscle Pairs
- Muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs
- -One muscle produces movement in one direction and the other muscle produces movement in the opposite directions
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Antagonistic
Pertaining to working in opposition to each other
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Muscle Tone Also Known as Tonus (TOH-nus)
The normal state of balanced muscle tension (contraction/relaxation) that makes normal posture and coordination possible
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MUSCLE INNERVATION
-The stimulation of the muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve
-The stimulation causes the muscle to contract and when the stimulation stops the muscle relaxes
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Neuromuscular (new-roh-MUS-kyou-lar)
-Means pertaining to the relationship between nerve and muscle-If the nerve impulse is interrupted because of injury or pathology of the nervous system, the muscle is paralyzed and cannot contract.
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Flexion (FLECK-shun)
Decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint
Example: The elbow is bent and the lower arm is brought upward
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Flexor
A muscle that bends a limb at a joint
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Extension
Increasing the angle between two bones or straightening out a limb.Example: The elbow is straightened and lower arm is brought down
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Extensor
A muscle that straightens a limb at a joint
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SUPINATION (soo-pih-NAY-shun)
The act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward
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PRONATION (proh-NAY-shun)
The act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned backward or downward.
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Muscle Origin
The place where the muscle begins (originates)This is the more fixed (less moveable) attachment or the end of the muscle nearest the midline of the body
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Muscle Insertion
The place where the muscle ends (inserts)It is the more movable attachment or the end of the muscle farthest from the midline of the body
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: Sternocleidomastoid (ster-noh-kly-doh-MASS-toid)
- Helps flex the neck and rotate the headNamed for its two points of origin and the point of insertion
- This muscle begins near the midline at the sternum (breastbone) and clavicle (collar bone).
- Its inserts away from the midline into the mastoid process of the temporal bone (located just behind the ear)
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Rectus (RECK-tus)
Means straight
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- Rectus Abdominis An abdominal muscle in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
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Oblique (Oh-BLEEK)
Means slanted or at an angleExample External Abdominal oblique An abdominal muscle that slants outward at an oblique angle , away from the midline
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Sphincter (SFINK-ter)
- A ring like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway
- These muscles are named for the passage involved
Example Anal SphincterCloses the anus
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Hamstring Group of Muscles
Located at the back of the upper leg
- Semimembranosus
- Semitendinosus
- Biceps femoris
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Orthopedic Surgeons
Treat injuries and disorders involving bones, joints, muscles, and tendons
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Neurologist
Treats the cause of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
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Tenodynia (ten-oh-DIN-ee-ah)
Pain in a tendon
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Tendonitis (ten-doh-NIGH-it is)
- An inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint
- Note: tendinitis, tenonitis, and tenontitis all have the same meaning
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Adhesion (ad-HEE-zhun)
A band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally.Can form in muscles or internal organs as the result of an injury or surgery
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Atrophy (AT-roh-fee)
Weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures.
Muscle atrophy can be caused by pathology or by disuse of the muscle over a long period of time
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Myalgia (my-AL-jee-ah)
Muscle tenderness or pain
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Myolysis (my-OL-ih-sis)
The degeneration of muscle tissue(Degeneration means deterioration or breaking down)
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Sacropenia (sar-koh-PEE-nee-ah)
- The age-related reduction in skeletal muscle mass in the elderly
- Includes loss of muscle strength, and function
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Atonic (Ah-TON-ick)
Lacking normal tone or strength
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Dystonia (dis-TOH-nee-ah)
A condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
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Spasmodic torticollis (spaz-MOD-ick tor-tih-KOL-is)
- Stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
- Spasmodic =means relating to a spasm Torticollis= means a contraction, or shortening, of the muscles of the neck
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Intermittent claudication
Pain in the leg muscles that occurs in the leg during exercise and is relieved by rest
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Means limping
This condition is caused by poor circulation in the leg
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Singultus (sing-GUL-tus)
Also known as hiccups
Myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm
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Myasthenia Gravis
(my-as-THEE-nee-ah GRAH-vis)
A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles
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Myasthenia
means muscle weakness
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Muscular Dystrophy
A group of inherited muscle disorders that cause muscle weakness without affecting the nervous system
Two of the most common forms are Duchenne’s and Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy
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Compartment Syndrome
Involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles
Can be caused by trauma, tight bandages or casts, or by repetitive activities such as running
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Ganglion Cyst (GANG-glee-on SIST)
A harmless fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist.
Can be caused by repeated minor injuries
Usually painless and does not require treatmentDo not confuse this use of the term ganglion here with the nerve ganglion
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Occurs when the tendons passing through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen, which creates pressure on the median nerve; causing pain, burning, and paresthesia in the fingers and handParesthesia= an abnormal sensation, such as burning, tingling, and numbness
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Paresthesia
= an abnormal sensation, such as burning, tingling, and numbness
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Quadriplegia
The paralysis of all four extremities
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Paralysis
Loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply and can be temporary or permanent
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Myoparesis (my-oh-PAR-eh-sis)
Weakness or slight paralysis of a muscle
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Hemiparesis
Slight paralysis of one side of the body
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Hemiplegia (hem-ee-PLEE-jee-ah)
The total paralysis of one side of the body
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Cardioplegia (kar-dee-oh-PLEE-jee-ah)
Paralysis of the muscles of the heart
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Deep Tendon Reflexes
Tested with reflex hammer used to strike a tendon
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Electromyography
A diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
Most frequently used when people have symptoms of weakness and examinations shows impaired muscle strength
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Fasciotomy (fash-ee-OT-oh-mee)
A surgical incision through a fascia to relieve tension or pressure
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Fascioplasty (FASH-ee-oh-plas-tee)
The surgical repair of a fascia
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Tenodesis (ten-ODD-eh-sis)
The surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to bone
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Tenorrhaphy
Surgical suturing together of the divided end of a tendon
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Tenolysis (ten-OL-ih-sis)
To free a tendon from adhesions
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Tenectomy (teh-NECK-toh-mee)
Also known as tenonectomy
The surgical removal of a portion of a tendon or tendon sheath
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Tenotomy
Also known as tendotomy
Surgical division of a tendon for relief of a deformity caused by the abnormal shortening of a muscle, such as strabismus
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Myectomy (my-ECK-toh-mee)
The surgical removal of a portion of a muscle
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Myorrhaphy (my-OR-ah-fee)
The surgical suturing of a muscle wound
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A surgical incision into a muscle
Myotomy (my-OT-oh-mee)
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