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What is Coronary Artery Disease?
- narrowing of vessels supplying blood to heart
- diminished blood supply(hypoxia) to cardiac muscle produces ischemic changes`
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What is Atherosclerosis?
- narrowing of vessels due to accululation of collagen, calcium salts, and lips on interior walls
- Lifestyle/personal behaviors (diet, exercise, smoking)
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What is Ateriosclerosis?
- collection of calcium and salt deposits in vessel wall, resulting in decreased elasticity of arterial walls
- age-related stuffening of arterial walls
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What are the cardinal symptoms of Cardiac Disease?
- chest pain
- SOB when supine/on exertion; nocturnal episodes of SOB.
- ankle edema; neck vein distention
- easily fatigued or overwhelming fatique
- angina pectoris
- cough, hemoptsis
- tachycardia, palpitations
- hepatomegaly
- weight gain
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What is the circulating blood volume?
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Heart Failure
- about 2:1 ratio
- 10lb weight gain= 5L of fluid
- signs/symptoms depend on whether failure is diastolic or systolic
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What are the normal age-related changes in cardioregulatory system?
- Heart disease - NOT INEVITABLE
- heart size may decrease
- englargment with HTN or heart disease
- Left ventricular wall thickens
- lipid deposits around heart muscles
- myocardium less elastic and more rigid
- valves fibrose/calcify, particularly mitral valve and aortic cusps
- common EKG changes are: 1st degree AV block, ST-T wave abnormalities, premature systole, and atrial fibrillation
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What is Cardiac Output?
- CO=stroke volume X HR
- measure of heart's ablilty to adapt to changing demands, eg., work, rest, illness, and digestion
- CO decreases 30-40% between ages 25-65years
- HR of 100-120 bpm tolerated poorly due to CO decline
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Anatomically, where is the heart located? And how big is it?
- It is left of the midline, above the diaphragm, behind the sternum at the 3rd-6th costal cartilages
- 12cm length X 8cm width X 6cm AP diameter; size= closed fist
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What is Dextrocardia?
- completed mirror image of expected
- rotated or displaced
- situs inversus-heart and stomach on right and liver on left.
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When are the Atrioventricular Valves (tricuspid & bicuspid) open and shut?
- open during atrial contraction allowing blood flow between the atria and ventricles during ventricular relaxation (diastole)
- snap shut during ventricular contraction to prevent backflow during systole
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When are the semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) open and shut?
Open with systole, closed with diastole
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Newly oxygenated blood is sent to the blod by what arteries?
- carotid arteries
- brachial arteries bifurcate to ulnar & radial arteries
- abdominal arteries bifurcate to iliac & femoral arteries
- popliteal arteries bifurcate to dorsalis pedis & posterior tibial arteries
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