AP euro ch 16 IDs

• monarchial power - someone possesses monopoly over instruments of justice and uses force within clearly defined boundaries.
• aristocracy/lords don't present threat b/c army is stronger.

• kings rule by DIVINE RIGHT (responsible to god alone)
• - became legislators
• - sovereignty was embodied in the person of the king
• - controlled competing jurisdictions, institutions, interest groups
• - maintained standing armies: peacetime AND wartime

• 20th century phenomenon: direct all facets of state's culture (art, ed, religion, ec, politics) in interest of the state
• total regulation: ruler sought exaltation

• appointed by Marie de'Medici to council of ministers
• became president of minister then minister of French crown
• STRONG influence over King LOuis XIII to exalt F. monarchy
• set cornerstone for F. absolutism --> policyo f total subordination of all groups/institutions

• Richelieu dev. this, meaning "reason of state"
• where interests of the state are concerned, God absolves actions which if private committed, would be a crime

• name for CIVIL WARS from 1648-53
• Richelieu's successor=Cardinal Mazarin, who cont. centralizing policies but his attempts to increase royal vanues led to war
• Frondeurs=anyone who opposed policies of gov't
• results: governments needs to compromise w/social elites, F. economy=disrupted, traumatic effect on Louis XIV

• art and literature age of Louis XIV's reign
• artists/writers imitated subject manner/style of classics to resemble Renaissance
• music/theater

• "sun king"
• F. monarchy reached peak of absolutist dev.
• Court-magnificence
• -relationship w/nobility: complete domestication
• - Versailles: beautiful palace
• - tax base: increased military taxation, granted nobility privileged status and increased access to his person with enormous patronage

• dev. by Colbert, the controller of general finances
• nation's international power based on wealth, especially bullion (GOLD SUPPLY)
• resources-limited, so state intervention necessary to secure largest part of limited resource
• wanted France to be self sufficient-->abolished many domestic tariffs and enacted high foreign tariffs

• absolutist state attempted to control religion, so 1685 Louis XIV revoked EDICT OF NANTES (garnting liberty of conscience to F. Huguenots).
• new law ordered destruction of churches, closing of schools, catholic baptism of Huguenots, and exile of pastors that refused to renounce previous faith

• fought principally between Spanish, Britain, HRE, Portugal
• changed euro. balance of power
• ended w/ Peace of Utrecht

• concluded 1713
• Philip remained 1st Bourbon king of Spain, knowing F. + S. would never be united
• F. surrendered New Foundland, Nova Scotia, and Hudson Bay
• Represented balane of power principle, setting limits on extent to which any power could expand

• novel by Spanish CERVANTES.
• great masterpiece, deliniating 16th c. society.
• Quixote lives in a world of dreams

• limitation of gov't by law
• implies balance between authority and rights/liberties of subjects
• not same as democracy
• c. dev. 17th c

• well educated, but lacked common touch
• poor character and too devoted to theory of divine right of kings - wrote "Tree law of Free Monarchy," and had conflict w/ House of Commons, lecturing them that he had total jurisdiction -- a mistake

• believed Reformation didn't go far enough
• wanted to abolish bishops in Church of England
• James said "no bishops, no king"

sat from 1640-1660, proceeding to enact legislation that limited power of monarchy to make arbitrary gov't possible. Parliament believed consent amounted to arbitrary/absolute depositism

• English philosopher/political theorist
• wrote LEVIATHAN, maintaining sovereignty is ultimately derived form the people, who transfer it to the monarch by implicit conntract
• king does NOT hold divine right --> controversial!

• aka republican gov't
• enacted when Charles I beheaded, theoretically legislative power rested in surviving membesr of Parliament, and executive lodged in council of state

• controlled army/constituted military dictatorship
• favored toleraion
• treated Ireland mercilessly
• economic policy: English ships must be transported on English ships to boost English economy

• 1660 re-established monarchy in person of Charles Ii
• both houses of Parliament restored, and est. Anglican church
• failed to solve 2 problems:
• attitude of state towards Puritans, Catholics, dissenters
• constitutional position of the king?

• violated test act
• appointed Roman Catholics to positions in army and local gov't
• issued decl. of indulgence granting religious freedom to all

• 1688-1689
• Fear of Roman Catholic monarchy supported by France and ruling outside law
• James II/queen/son fled to France and become pensioners to Louis XIV
• william + mary crowned king/queen of England
• glorious because of min.bloodshed
• BILL OF RIGHTS written

• men wrote that brought about Glorious Revolution
• formulated response to Stuart absolutism
• judges hold offices "during good behavior"
• granted subjects (protestants) arms for their defense
• Parliament had to be called every 3 years at least

• political philosopher than defended gloriosu revolution
• SECOND TREATISE OF CIVIL GOV'T: maintained people set up civil gov'ts to protect life, liberty, and property
• gov't overteps this --> tyranny b/c of lack of natural rights
• linked ecomomic liberty/private property to political freedom

• gov't evolved during 18th c.
• small private room in which English rulers consulted chief ministers
• leading ministers, who have seats in support of a majority of the House of Commons, formualte common policy and conduct business of country

• Federal assembly that handled matters of foreign affairs
• did NOT possess sovereign authority
• appointed a rep in each province
• Stadholders, the representative,carried out ceremonical functions

• 1602 group of regents of Holland formed this, a joint stock company
• investors each received a percent of profits proportional to amount of money put in
• cut heavily into Portuguese trading in East Asia
• seized cape of good hope, ceylon, and Malacca, est. trading posts in each
• 1630s it was paying investors 35% annual return
• traded extensively w/Latin Am. + Africa
• **brought Dutch huge wealth/high standard of living