Human Physiology pt 1

• Nerve-Conducts
• Muscle-Contracts
• Epithelial-Covers
• Connective-Connects

• Metabilic
• Water
• Temp
• Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide
• Ion
• pH

• Input (any variable)
• ex: blood pressure, temp

• Receptor (sensor/transducer)
• Detects input

Modified/Transilated input

Controller/error detection (with set point)

Output

Effector (target organ or tissue)

Specific effect

Corrective change

In negative feedback the change resists/opposses the input, while in positive feedback the change amplifies the input.

To maintain homiostatic balance.

• LH surge = ovulation
• oxytocin = uterine contraction
• blood clotting cascade
• cAMP cascade

• Cell - nucleus
• (contains organelles)

• Cell - nucleus and organelles (complex golgi liquid)
• Cytoplasm - organelles

• 1. get food
• 2. use food
• 3. rid wastes
• 4. move
• 5. reproduce

Heredity and day-to-day cell functions.

function

• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Complex
• Lysosomes
• Peroxisomes
• Mitochondria
• Vaults

• Structure: Extensive, continuous membranous network of fluid-filled tubules and flat sacs, partially studded with ribosomes.
• Function: Forms new cell membrane an dother cell components and manufactures products for secretion.

• Structure: Sets of sacked, flat membranous sacs.
• Function: Modifies, packages, and distributes newly synthesized proteins.

• Structure: Membranous sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes.
• Function: Serve as digestive system of the cell, destroying foreign substances and cellular debris.

• Structure: Membranous sacs containing oxidated enzymes.
• Function: Preform detoxification activities.

• Structure: Rod- or oval-shaped bodies enclosed by two membranes, with the inner membrane folded into cristae that projects into an interior matrix.
• Function: Act as energy organelles; major site of ATP production; contain enzymes for citric acid cycle and electron transport chain.

• Structure: Shaped like hollow octogonal barrels.
• Function: Serve as cellular trucks for transport from nucleus to cytoplasm.

• Structure: Lipid bilayer studded with proteins and small amounts of carbohydrate.
• Function: Acts as selective barrier between cell contents and extracellular fluid; controls traffic in and out of the cell.

• Structure: DNA and specialized proteins enclosed by a double-layered membrane.
• Function: Acts as control center of the cell, providing storage of genetic info; nuclear DNA provides codes for the synthesis of structural and enzymatic proteins and serves as blueprint for cell replication.

• Structure: Granuels of RNA and proteins-some attached to rough ER, some free in the cytoplasm.
• Function: Serve as workbenches for protein synthesis.

• Structure: Long, slender, hollow tubes composed of tubulin molecules.
• Function: Maintain asymmetric cell shapes and coordinate complex cell movements.

• Structure: Intertwined helical chains of actin molecules; microfilaments composed of myosin molecules also present in muscle cells.
• Function: Play a vital role in various cell contractile systems; serve as a mechanical stiffener for microcilli.

• Structure: Irregular, threadlike proteins.
• Function: Help resist mechanical stress.

• Location: Peroxisomes
• Function: Neutralizes toxin at production site (ex: peroxide)

• Location: Mitochondria
• Structure: Infolding shelves that project into the mitochondria.
• Function: Contain crucial proteins used to convert much of the energy in food into a usable form.

Aerobic is with oxygen, while Anaerobic is without oxygen.

In the mitochondria.

In the cytosol.

• 1. Immediate/ATP-PC (0-15 seconds)
• 2. Glycolysis (1.5-3 minutes)

Membrane bound structure in a cell.

Sugar, Phosphate, and a Base.

To harvest electrons and "cash in" ATP energy.

• DNA: double stranded, deoxyribose (without oxygen), A-T-C-G, self replication (can copy itself), nucleus (and mitochondrion).
• RNA: single stranded, ribose (with oxygen), A-U-C-G, needs DNA to as a template for replication, cytoplasm (but nucleus origin), mRNA, tRNA, tRNA.

Ribosomes make proteins.

Function.