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Name the four muscle types and their functions (four C's).
- Nerve-Conducts
- Muscle-Contracts
- Epithelial-Covers
- Connective-Connects
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What are Dr. Evonuk's 6 Balances?
- Metabilic
- Water
- Temp
- Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide
- Ion
- pH
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What does I stand for in the feedback loop? Give an example.
- Input (any variable)
- ex: blood pressure, temp
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What does R stand for in the feedback loop? What does it do?
- Receptor (sensor/transducer)
- Detects input
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What does I' stand for in the feedback loop?
Modified/Transilated input
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What does C stand for in the feedback loop?
Controller/error detection (with set point)
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What does O stand for in the feedback loop?
Output
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What does E stand for in the feedback loop?
Effector (target organ or tissue)
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What does Ef stand for in the feedback loop?
Specific effect
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What does the triangle stand for in the feedback loop?
Corrective change
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What is the difference between positive and negative feedback.
In negative feedback the change resists/opposses the input, while in positive feedback the change amplifies the input.
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What is the purpose of negative feedback?
To maintain homiostatic balance.
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What are some example of positive feedback?
- LH surge = ovulation
- oxytocin = uterine contraction
- blood clotting cascade
- cAMP cascade
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Define cytoplasm.
- Cell - nucleus
- (contains organelles)
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Define cytosol.
- Cell - nucleus and organelles (complex golgi liquid)
- Cytoplasm - organelles
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What are 5 basic survival skills?
- 1. get food
- 2. use food
- 3. rid wastes
- 4. move
- 5. reproduce
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What are the major functions of DNA?
Heredity and day-to-day cell functions.
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Anatomy is to structure as physiology is to...
function
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List all the organelles of the cell.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Complex
- Lysosomes
- Peroxisomes
- Mitochondria
- Vaults
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Describe the stucture and function of the ER.
- Structure: Extensive, continuous membranous network of fluid-filled tubules and flat sacs, partially studded with ribosomes.
- Function: Forms new cell membrane an dother cell components and manufactures products for secretion.
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Describe the stucture and function of the Golgi Complex.
- Structure: Sets of sacked, flat membranous sacs.
- Function: Modifies, packages, and distributes newly synthesized proteins.
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Describe the stucture and function of Lysosomes.
- Structure: Membranous sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes.
- Function: Serve as digestive system of the cell, destroying foreign substances and cellular debris.
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Describe the stucture and function of Peroxisomes.
- Structure: Membranous sacs containing oxidated enzymes.
- Function: Preform detoxification activities.
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Describe the stucture and function of Mitochondria.
- Structure: Rod- or oval-shaped bodies enclosed by two membranes, with the inner membrane folded into cristae that projects into an interior matrix.
- Function: Act as energy organelles; major site of ATP production; contain enzymes for citric acid cycle and electron transport chain.
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Describe the stucture and function of Vaults.
- Structure: Shaped like hollow octogonal barrels.
- Function: Serve as cellular trucks for transport from nucleus to cytoplasm.
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Describe the stucture and function of the Plasma Membrane.
- Structure: Lipid bilayer studded with proteins and small amounts of carbohydrate.
- Function: Acts as selective barrier between cell contents and extracellular fluid; controls traffic in and out of the cell.
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Describe the stucture and function of the Nucleus.
- Structure: DNA and specialized proteins enclosed by a double-layered membrane.
- Function: Acts as control center of the cell, providing storage of genetic info; nuclear DNA provides codes for the synthesis of structural and enzymatic proteins and serves as blueprint for cell replication.
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Describe the stucture and function of Ribosomes.
- Structure: Granuels of RNA and proteins-some attached to rough ER, some free in the cytoplasm.
- Function: Serve as workbenches for protein synthesis.
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Describe the stucture and function of Microtubules.
- Structure: Long, slender, hollow tubes composed of tubulin molecules.
- Function: Maintain asymmetric cell shapes and coordinate complex cell movements.
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Describe the stucture and function of Microfilaments.
- Structure: Intertwined helical chains of actin molecules; microfilaments composed of myosin molecules also present in muscle cells.
- Function: Play a vital role in various cell contractile systems; serve as a mechanical stiffener for microcilli.
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Describe the stucture and function of Intermediate Filaments.
- Structure: Irregular, threadlike proteins.
- Function: Help resist mechanical stress.
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Where is the enzyme Catalase located and what is it's function?
- Location: Peroxisomes
- Function: Neutralizes toxin at production site (ex: peroxide)
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Where are Cristae located, what is their structure, and what is their function?
- Location: Mitochondria
- Structure: Infolding shelves that project into the mitochondria.
- Function: Contain crucial proteins used to convert much of the energy in food into a usable form.
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What is the difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic exercise?
Aerobic is with oxygen, while Anaerobic is without oxygen.
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Where does Aerobic exercise take place?
In the mitochondria.
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Where does Anaerobic exercise take place?
In the cytosol.
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What are the two types of Anaerobic exercise and when do they occur?
- 1. Immediate/ATP-PC (0-15 seconds)
- 2. Glycolysis (1.5-3 minutes)
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Describe the stucture of Organelles.
Membrane bound structure in a cell.
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What makes up a nucleotide?
Sugar, Phosphate, and a Base.
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What is the goal of Aerobic Metabolism?
To harvest electrons and "cash in" ATP energy.
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Compare and contrast DNA and RNA.
- DNA: double stranded, deoxyribose (without oxygen), A-T-C-G, self replication (can copy itself), nucleus (and mitochondrion).
- RNA: single stranded, ribose (with oxygen), A-U-C-G, needs DNA to as a template for replication, cytoplasm (but nucleus origin), mRNA, tRNA, tRNA.
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What happens during translation?
Ribosomes make proteins.
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Structure gives rise to...
Structure begets...
Function.
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