History Exam #2

political philosophy that stressed the divine right theory of kingship

Scottish philospher who held that society would prosper when individuals pursued their own economic interest (ethical egoism and laissez-faire capitalism)- pursue own self interest in marketplace

movement in England in the 17th centry that placed power in Parliament's hand as part of a constitutional monarchy that an increasingly limited the power of monarch; Civil War and the Glorious Revolution

An Enlightment view that accepted the existence of a god but denied the super natural aspect of Christianity; in deism, the universe was an orderly realm maintained by rational and natural laws

absolute monarchies (kings) derived their authority from God and served as "God's lieutenants upon earth"

Earth centered universe; motionless Earth; 9 spheres surrounding Earth

astronomical theory that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun and that the Sun is stationary and at the center of the universe.

demonstrated that plantary orbits are elliptical, not circular

sought the natural lawas of politics "life, liberty, and property" - people have the rights to own property (natural rights ethics)

early forerunner of the modern corporation; individuals who invested in a trading or exploring venture could make huge profits while limiting their task

capitalist entrepreneurs seeking profits by the divered unfinished materials such as raw wool to rural householders. Men and women work with unfinished materal in final product. The entrepreneur pick up finished goods, pay worker, sell to market. Early European organization of efficient production

argued (again church) that the sun rather than the Earth stood at the center of universe. Planets and Earth revolved around the sun

French writer who embodied the spirit of the eighteenth century Enlightenment

Early nineteenth-century artisans who were opposed to new machinery and industrailization

invented steam engine (steam to force wheel to turn) in 1765. He was a instrument maker at University of Galasgow in Scotland.

1815 Englishman built the first steam-powered locomotive (push and pull of the wheel)

American inventor important contribution to evolving facotry system best remembered from cotton gin invenstion. Her techique using machine tools to produce interchangeable parts in making of firearms

Nineteenth century socialist, German theorist Marx and Engels bellieved divided people to class will solve social problems to capitalist (owners) and proietariat (wage workers)

Struggle to improve worker' lives by seeking higher wages and better working conditions for their members - improved lives of working people

most abundant mineral that was mined by the Spanish in the Americas

In Brazil, sugar was the main product for export

the representatives of the government in Spain; audience were Courts established in the Americas to review Viceroy's performance

migrants to the Americas who were born in Europe (1)

Children born in the America's of Spanish/Portugese parents (2)

In Brazil, children of African (slaves) and Amerindians

Children of Portuguese/Spanish and Amerindian parents (3)

In Brazil, children of Portugese and African parents

the political and social system that existed in France before the French Revolution

Napoleon promulgated the Civil code, a revised body of the civil law helped stabilized French society - stated political and legal equality of a all adult men in educatin and employment because of talent, not birth and class

the power between different groups who want to rule. Struggle for power gets intense > civil war

small group of people, often involving sections of the military - fundamental social and economic features of society are left interact

massive social unheavals which aim to secure a few specific reforms to improve situatins which have become unacceptable - usually force to return to a time when life was better

British and French forces battled each other in Europe and India as well as North America. Victory of Seven Years' War ensured that Britain would dominate global trade and that British North America would prosper

Publication and legal documents taxed after Seven Years' War, British tax North American colonies taxes

American colonist which organized a congress to urge against British taxation which urged the Declaration of Independence

dominated the Committee of Public Safety because him and the Jacobin party passionately believed that France needed complete restructuring

the Convention (a new legislative body which abolished the monarchy and proclaim France a republic) rooted to behead THEM in 1793 which Conventin found them guilty of treason of the priniples of the Revolution

Lead Spanish expedition to Peru - expedition for gold and silver

The place which held the battle between Pizarro and Atahualpa

Ican ruler

The Treaty of Tordesillas was agreed upon by the Spanish and the Portuguese to clear up confusion on newly claimed land in the New World.

trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americans that featured finished products from Europe, slaves from Africa, and American priducts bound for Europe

The abolitionist former slave as deplicted in the first editin of his autobiography detailing his experience as a slace and a freeman

captured slaved underwent crapmped and bad conditioned decks

Creole language

Brazillian martial art

African stories about slaves tricking the masters