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Buccinator
Compression of the cheeks
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Depressor Labii Inferioris
Depresses lower lip
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Levator labii superioris
Elevates upper lip
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Mentalis
Elevates and protrudes lower lip
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Orbicularis oris
Compresses, purses lips.
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Risorius
Draws corner of mouth to the side
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Depressor anguli oris
Depresses corner of mouth
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Zygomaticus major
Retracts and elevates corner of mouth
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Zygomaticus minor
Retracts and elevates upper lip
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Corrugator supercilii
Pulls skin inferiorly and anteriorly; wrinkles brow
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Levator palpebrae superioris
Elevates upper eyelid
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Orbicularis oculi
Closes eyes
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Procerus
Moves nose, changes position, shape of nostrils.
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Nasalis
Compresses bridge, depresses tip of nose; elevates corners of nostrils.
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Occipitofrontalis (Frontal belly)
Raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead.
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Occipitofrontalis ( Occipital belly)
Tenses and retracts scalp
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Temporoparietalis
Tenses scalp, moves auricle of ear.
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Platysma
Tenses skin of neck, depresses mandible
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Masseter
Elevates mandible and closes jaws
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Temporalis
Elevates mandible and closes jaws
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Medial Pterygoid
Elevates the mandible and closes the jaws, or moves mandible side to side.
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Lateral Pterygoid
Opens jaws, protrudes mandible, or moves mandible side to side.
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Digastric
Depresses mandible, opens mouth, elevates larynx.
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Geniohyoid
Depresses mandible, opens mouth, elevates larynx, retracts hyoid bone.
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Mylohyoid
Elevates floor of mouth, elevates hyoid bone, depresses mandible.
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Omohyoid
Depresses hyoid bone and larynx
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Sternohyoid
Depresses hyoid bone and larynx
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Sternothyroid
Depresses hyoid bone and larynx
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Stylohyoid
Elevates larynx.
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Tyrohyoid
Elevates larynx, depresses hyoid bone.
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Sternocleidomastoid (Clavicular and Sternal heads)
Together they flex the neck. Alone, one side bends neck towards shoulder and turns face to opposite side.
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Splenius (Splenius capitis, splenius cervicis)
The two sides act together to extend neck. Either side alone rotates and laterally flexes neck to that side.
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Spinalis cervicis
Extends neck
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Spinalis thoracis
Extends vertebral column
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Longissimus capitis
The two sides act together to extend neck. Either side alone rotates and laterally flexes neck to that side.
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Longissimus cervicis
The two sides act together to extend neck. Either side alone rotates and laterally flexes neck to that side.
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Longissimus thoracis
Extension of vertebral column. Alone, each produces lateral flexion to that side.
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Iliocostalis cervisis
Extends or laterally flexes neck, elevates ribs.
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Iliocostalis thoracis
Stabilizes thoracic vertebrae in extension.
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Iliocostalis lumborum
Extends vertebral column, depresses ribs.
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Semispinalis capitis
Together the two sides extend neck. Alone, each side extends and laterally flexes neck and turns head to opposite side.
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Semispinalis cervicis.
Extends vertebral column and rotates towards opposite side.
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Semispinalis thoracis
Extends vertebral column and rotates towards opposite side.
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Multifidus
Extends vertebral column and rotates towards opposite side.
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Rotatores (Cervisis, thoracis and lumborum)
Extends vertebral column and rotates towards opposite side.
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Interspinales
Extends vertebral column
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Intertransversarii
Lateral flexion of vertebral column.
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Longus capitis
Together the two sides flex the neck. Alone each side rotates head to that side.
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Longus colli
Flexes and rotates neck. Limits hyperextension.
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Quadratus lumborum.
Together they depress ribs. Alone, each produces lateral flexion of vertebral column. Fixes floating ribs ( 11 and 12) during forced exhalation.
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Scalenes (Anterior, middle and posterior)
Elevate ribs and flex neck. One side bends neck and rotates head and neck to opposite side.
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External intercostals
Elevate ribs
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Internal intercostals
Depress ribs
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Transversus thoracis
Depress ribs
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Serratus posterior superior
Elevates ribs, enlarges thoracic cavity.
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Serratus posterior inferior.
Pulls ribs inferiorly, also pulls outward opposing diaphragm.
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External oblique
Compresses abdomen; depresses ribs; flexes, laterally flexes or rotates vertebral column to opposite side.
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Internal oblique
Compresses abdomen; depresses ribs; flexes, laterally flexes or rotates vertebral column to same side.
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Transversus abdominis
compresses abdomen.
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Diaphragm. Contraction expands thoracic cavity, cmpresses abdominopelvic cavity.
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Rectus abdominis.
Depresses ribs, flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen.
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Levator scapulae
Elevates scapula.
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Pectoralis minor
Depresses and protects shoulders; rotates scapula so glenoid cavity moves inferiorly; elevates ribs if scapula is stationary.
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Rhomboid major
Adducts and performs downward rotation of scapula.
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Rhomboid minor
Adducts and performs downward rotation of scapula.
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Serratus anterior
Protracts shoulder; rotates scapula so glenoid cavity moves superiorly.
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Subclavius
Depresses and protects shoulder.
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Trapezius
Depends on active region and state of other muscles; it may elevate, retract, depress, or rotate scapula upward and/or clavicle; can also extend neck.
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Coracobrachialis
Adduction and flexion at shoulder
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Deltoid
Whole muscle: Abduction of shoulder. Anterior part: Flexion and medial rotation of humerus. Posterior part: Extension and lateral rotation of humerus.
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Supraspinatus
Abduction at shoulder
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Infraspinatus
Lateral rotation at shoulder
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Subscapularis
Medial rotation at shoulder.
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Teres major
Extension, adduction and medial rotation at shoulder.
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Teres minor
Lateral rotation at shoulder.
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Triceps brachii (long head)
Extension at elbow and adduction at shoulder
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Biceps brachii
Flexion at elbow and shoulder supination.
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Latissimus dorsi
Extension, adduction and medial rotation at shoulder.
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Pectoralis major
Flexion, adduction, medial rotation at shoulder.
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Brachialis
Flexion at elbow
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Brachioradialis
Flexion at elbow
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Anconeus
Extension at elbow
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Triceps brachii ( lateral and medial heads)
Extension at elbow
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Pronator quadratus
Pronates forearm and hand by medial rotation of radius at radioulnar joints.
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Pronator teres
Flexion at elbow, pronates forearm and hand by medial rotation of radius at radioulnar joints.
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Supinator
Supinates forearm and hand by lateral rotation at radioulnar joints.
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Flexor carpi radialis
Flexion and abduction at wrist
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Flexion carpi ulnaris
Flexion and adduction at wrist.
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Palmaris longus
Flexion at wrist.
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Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extension and abduction at wrist
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Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extension and abduction at wrist
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Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extension and adduction at wrist.
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Abductor pollicis longus
Abduction at joints of thumbs and wrist.
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Extensor digitorum.
Extension at finger joint and wrist.
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Extensor pollicis brevis
Extension at joints of thumbs, abduction at wrist.
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Extensor pollicis longus.
Extension at joints of thumbs, abduction at wrist.
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Extensor indicis
Extension and adduction at joint of index finger.
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Extensor digiti minimi
Extension at joint of little finger.
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Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexion at proximal interphalangheal, metacarpophalangeal and wrist joints.
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Flexor digirotum profundus
Flexopm at distal interphalangheal joints and proximal interphalangeal joints and wrist.
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Flexor pollicis longus
Flexion at joints of thumb
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Biceps femoris
Flexion at knee; extension and lateral rotation at hip.
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Semimebranosus
Flexion at knee; extension and medial rotation at hip.
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Sartorius
Flexion at knee; flexion and lateral rotation at hip.
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Semitendinosus
Flexion at knee; extension and medial rotation at hip.
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Popliteus
Medial rotation of tibia-Lateral rotation of femur; flexion at knee.
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Rectus femoris
Extension at knee, flexion at hip.
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Vastus intermedius.
Extension at knee.
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Vasus lateralis
Extension at knee.
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Vastus medialis
Extension at knee.
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Gluteus maximus
Extension and lateral rotation at hip. Helps stabilize the extended knee.
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Gluteus medius
Abduction and medial rotation at hip.
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Gluteus minimus
Abduction and medial rotation at hip.
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Tensor fasciae latae
Flexion and medial rotation at hip, tenses fasciae latae which laterally supports the knee.
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Obturators (externus and internus)
Lateral rotation of hip.
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Piriformis
Lateral rotation and abduction of hip.
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Gemelli (superior and inferior)
Lateral rotation of hip.
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Quadratus femoris
Lateral rotation of hip.
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Adductor brevis
Adduction, flexion and medial rotation at hip.
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Adductor longus
Adduction, flexion and medial rotation at hip.
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Adductor magnus.
Whole muscle provides adduction at the hip. Anterior part produces flexion and medial rotation; posterior part produces extension and lateral rotation.
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Pectineus
Flexion, medial rotation and adduction at hip.
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Gracilis
Flexion at knee, adduction and medial rotation at hip.
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Illiacus
Flexion at hip and/or lumbar intervertebral joints.
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Psoas major.
Flexion at hip and/or lumbar intervertebral joints
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Tibialis anterior
Dorsiflexion at ankle; inversion of foot.
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Gastrocnemius
Plantar flexion at ankle; flexion at knee.
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Fibularis longus
Eversion of foot and plantar flexion at ankle, supports ankle; supports longitudinal arch.
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Fibularis brevis
Eversion on foor and plantar flexion at ankle.
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Plantaris
Plantar flexion at ankle, flexion at knee.
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Soleus
Plantar flexion at ankle, postural muscle when standing.
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Tibialis posterior
Adduction and inversion of foor; plantar flexion at ankle.
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Flexor digitorum longus
Flexion of joints of toes 2-5; plantar flexes ankle; inverts foot.
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Flexor hallucis longus
Flexion at joints of great toe; plantar flexes ankle; inverts foot.
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Extensor digitorum longus
Extension of toes 2-5; dorsiflexes ankle and everts foot.
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Extensor hallucis longus
Extension at joint of great toe; dorsiflexes ankle and everts foot.
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