dr.e exam 3

• protection(from mechanical, chemical, bacterial damage and UV-rays)
• temp. regulation
• fluid conservation
• excretion
• vitamin D(helps with calcium absorption)
• sensation(touch/pressure)

• 1. Cornium=dead epithelials, keratinized, non-nucleated
• 2. Lucidum=NOT in thin skin
• 3. Granulosum=3-5 layers of flatten granular cells
• 4. Spinosum=many layers, developing keritan
• 5. Basale=deepest, single row of cuboidal/columnar cells thst divide and grow(ATTACHED TO DERMIS BY BASEMENT MEMBRANE)

• 1. Keratinocytes=90%, has keratin which is tough fibrous intercellular proteins for protection and lamellar granules which is extracellular for water-proofing
• 2. Melanocytes=8%, thay produce melanin which protects from UV-rays
• 3. Langerhans=1-2%, migrate from bone marrow for skins immune response
• 4. Merkel Cells=<1%, specialized epithelium for the sensation of touch

• dense irregular CT
• deep layer of skin
• strength of skin
• collagen

• areolar CT
• capillaries and sensory neurons
• dermal papillae(sm. projections that help with the senses)
• ex. fingerprints

• dense irregular CT
• collagen fibers go up and down
• elastic cells and cells of CT proper

sensory receptors stimulated by heavy pressure

sensor receptors stimulated by light touch

• varying amnts and types of melanin
• varying size/number of melanin granules
• albinos lack melanin but not melanocytes

• sunlight
• sunlamps
• UV-rays
• x-rays

• dialation of dermal blood vessels(ERYTHEMA=skin reddening)
• constriction of dermal blood vessels(PALLOR=pale skin)
• oxygen levels(CYANOSIS=blue skin=low O2)
• carotine levels(from eating to much food with carotine=yellow skin)
• jaundice(yellow skin from bile/liver problems)

same amnt of melanocytes but they produce different amnts and colors of melanin

protection against UV-rays

water resistance

• from sunshine
• helps with calcium absorption
• spinosum and basale layers convert cholesterol to vitamin D

• hypodermis/superficial fascia
• insulation
• stabalizes dermis
• reservoir for blood

• root=under skin
• shaft=outside of skin
• follicle=where hair emerges from(root to skin surface)
• papilla=where hair developes
• arrector pili muscle=attached to hair follicle(hair skicks up when shivering)

• 1. Lanugo=long, blond and fine(fetus and anorexia)
• 2. Vellus=short, blond(children)
• 3. Terminal=coarse, pigmented(adults)

• 1. medulla(some hair color)
• 2. cortex(hair color)
• 3. cuticle(covering, shingle like)
• 4. internal root sheath
• 5. external root sheath
• 6. glassy membrane
• 7. CT sheath

• holocrine glands
• located near hair follicles
• produces sebum(waxy and oily)
• absent on palms and soles
• functioins to inhibit bacterial growth, lubricates and protects keratin of hair, conditions skin
• dicharges on face, back, chest, nipples and penis

• associated with hair follicles
• thick smelly discharge
• under arms
• happens when upset, frightened, in pain, sexually aroused

• palms, soles, forehead, neck, back
• discharges directly onto a surface
• for termal regulation
• DIAPHORESIS

• nail bed=skin that nail rests on
• nail plate=clear keratinized part
• nail plate root=underneath nail fold
• nail plate body=overlyes nail bed
• nail plate free edge=where nail extends beyond nail bed
• hyponychium=epithelium of nail bed
• nail fold=skin around edge of nail plate
• nail groove=where nail and fold meet
• Eponychium=cuticle(dead dermis)
• nail matrix=mitosis(where nail grows from)
• lunule=white cresent(b/c it overlies basale and obscures blood vessels)

• high temp
• enviromental(heat humidity)
• illness(temp greater than or equal to 37.2C)PYREXIA
• erythema(blood vessels dialate causing skin to redden)
• evaporation(sweat)

• low temp(temp less then 35C)
• primary=cold exposure
• secondary=illness
• clinical=surgical induction
• pallor=pale color
• shivering

• 1. bleeding/clotting occurs
• 2. scab forms(phagocytes remove debris)
• 3. epidermal cells migrate over meshwork(collagen is produced)
• 4. sheds scab/wound and is covered w/ epithelium(scarring)

• 1. regeneration=healing with tissue already present
• 2. fibrosis=healing with scar(CT) tissue

• cells
• ground substance
• fibers

fully differentiated

• derived from progenitor cells
• early stages of differentiation
• active in cell synthesis

• "work horses"
• fixes damage(ex. scars)
• large and star shaped
• secretes protein which forms fibers

• motile
• sometimes attach to fibers
• clears foreign substances

• large
• usually near blood vessels
• release chemicals to promote inflammation

• thick and threadlike
• can withstand high tension
• holds structures together
• tendons and ligaments

• thin and stretchy
• can bounce back
• vocal cords and air passages

• thin fibers of collagen
• makes "meshwork"
• allows cells to stay in CT
• supports network

• HYDROPHILLIC
• controls passage of substances through matrix
• hydrates CT
• MAJOR MOLECULE=GAG's=GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS=(-) CHARGED POLYSACCHARIDES

muscle to bone

bone to bone

• broad fibrous sheets
• muscle to muscle(or bone)

• fibroblasts
• collagen and elastic fibers
• semiliquid matrix
• binds skin to underlying organs
• fills spaces between muscles

• fibroblasts
• collagen fibers
• semiliquid matrix
• located in tendons and ligaments
• used for attachment

• fibroblast
• collagen fibers
• semiliquid matrix
• provides strength in all directions
• located in capsules of viseral organs, dermis, periostea(bone), perichondria(membrane of cartilage)

• adipocytes
• reticular fibers
• semiliquid matrix
• located in body fat areas
• insulation, protection and energy storage

• fibroblasts
• reticular fibers
• semiliquid matrix
• located in basement membrane, spleen and liver
• for support

• fibroblasts
• elastic fibers
• semiliquid matrix
• located in heart and lungs
• for durability with stretch

• chondrocytes
• collagen fibers so closely packed you can't see them
• semisolid matrix
• located on ends of ribs, bones and nose
• *COVERED BY DENSE PERICHONDRIA=DENSE IRREGULAR CT WHICH CHONDROCYTES ARISE FROM AND SECRETE MATRIX*

• chondrocytes
• elastic fibers
• semisolid matrix
• located in external ear, larynx
• maintains shape and flexibility

• chondrocytes
• dense interwoven collagen fibers
• semisolid matrix
• located in intervertebral disks
• stregth and shock absorption
• less firm but tougher then hyaline cartilage

• osteocytes
• collagen fibers
• solid matrix
• support, movement, calcium storage
• DENSE=outer bone
• SPONGY=inner bone

• eurythrocytes
• leukocytes
• platlets
• plasma
• fibrinogen
• liquid matrix

• connections between organs and the rest of the body
• function=strength, stability, holds organs in position and acts as conduits

• subcutaneous/hypodermis
• aerolar CT
• fat
• between skin and organs

• strong fibrous framework
• dense CT
• bound to capsules, tendons and ligaments

• between serous membrane and deep fascia
• areolar CT

fascia of the heart

myocytes/muscle fibers

• major property of ALL muscle tissues
• ability to shorten muscles forcefully
• causes movements
• ACTIN(thin) and MYOSIN(thick) slide against each other during movement

• striated
• voluntary
• unbranched
• multi-nuclear
• cannot divide but new fibers can form from other cells
• SATELLITE(PROGENITOR) CELLS FORM MYOBLASTS WHICH GROW INTO MUSCLE FIBERS

• walls of organs and blood vessels
• skin
• involuntary
• not striated
• single central nucleous
• unbranched
• don't normally divide but can

• involuntary
• autorythmic
• striated
• branched
• single nuclei
• cardiocytes, cardiac myocytes, myocardial cells
• INTERCALATED DISKS have gap junctions and desmosomes

• conducts nerve impulses
• sensory reception

• recieve and transmit signals
• soma, dendrites and axons

• maintains nervous tissue structue
• repairs framework
• performs phagocytosis
• provides nutrients
• NOT neural but "neuron support"

• redness and heat due to increased blood flow
• pain and swelling due to the chemicals released
• loss of function tells you to stop and repair the damage

• during inflammation they degranulate and release chemicals
• HEPARIN-keeps blood flowing to increase O2 and nutrients
• HISTAMINE-dialates blood vessels and gets "leaky"
• increases number and activity of phagocytes
• removes toxins and waste
• *INFLAMMATION THEN REPAIR -> HOMESTASIS BECAUSE OF REGENERATION*

• skin
• communicates w/ outside(ex. digestive, respiratory, urinary and digestive tracts)
• stays internal(ex. chest and abdominal cavities, endothelium of blood vessels and heart)

• often lies in clusters
• deep to covering/lining epithelium
• secretes into ducts and blood or onto surfaces

• protection
• secretion
• absorption
• filtration
• sensation
• specialized secretions

• specialized contacts with other cells
• polarity(diff. ends do diff. things)
• avascular(no blood supply)
• regeneration(high rate of cell division)
• cellularity(lots of cells in close contact with little intercellular material)

• BASEMENT MEMBRANE
• 1. lamina lucida=glycoprotein and fine protein filaments which act as a barrier
• 2. lamina densa=bundles of close protein fibers, gives basal lamina strength

• shape=squamous, cuboidal, columnar
• layering=simple, stratified

• lines ventral body cavities
• simple squamous
• produces serous membrane

lines blood vessels

• single layer of flat cells
• for diffusion and reduces frictions so substances pass easily
• lines air sacs, capillaries, lymph vessels, ventral cavity coverings

• single layer of cube shaped cells
• large celtrally located nucleus
• for absorption and secretion
• lines kidney tubules and ducts of glands

• single layer of tall cells
• basally located nucleus
• goblet cells
• microvilli
• for protection, absorption and secretion
• lines intestines

• single layer of tall cells with scattered nucleus
• cillia
• goblet cells
• for protection and secretion
• lines trachea and fallopean tubes

• many layers w/ top layer of flat cells
• KERITENIZED=epidermis
• NONKERITENTIZED=vagina, mouth and anus
• for protection

• several layers
• cells change shape under pressure
• DISTENSIBLITY=ability to stretch then return to origional shape
• lines ureters and bladder

close spaces between cells so that substances are forced through cells rather then around them