TOUR2000 Lecture Three

• History and geography
• political social and economical organisation
• languages
• philosophies
• beliefs and religions
• rituals, etiquette and ethics

• the way people characteristically look out on the universe
• systemised totality of beliefs about the world
• system of beliefs that provides a frame of reference for understanding the culture's way of perceiving, thinking and speaking
• lense we look through
• shapes behaviours, beliefs, actions etc
• fundamental understanding of how people look at the world
• provide social rules and laws that govern almost every aspect of life

• Linear view
• search for meaning, knowledge, answers to the big questions
• use science and technology to attempt to explain worlds mysteries

• Attempt to understand and interperet the spiritual/divine world
• Religion

• humans are one with nature
• mind and body are one
• humans should not try to control nature
• humans shoudl feel comfortable with anyone
• science and technology create an illusion of progress
• enlightenment causes differences to disappear and brings oneness
• rebirth - no judgement

• humans = seperate from nature
• humans consist of mind body and soul
• humans have to manipulate and control nature to survive
• humans should reward actions competetive in spirit
• science and technology provide the good life
• look to science and technology to explain
• judgement @ end to get into "heaven or hell"

• Realm of the Gods
• |
• Realm of the Humans
• |
• Realm of the Dead

• Bad and good things occure because of the relationships between the realms
• Meduims, Diviners and animals can move between realms

• can be physical or spiritual (pollution = uncleanliness)
• imaginary lines around people time space nature
• pollution = out of place, not belonging

• 1. Time - daily, seasonal, lifetime
• 2. Place - clean/unclean
• 3. People - marriage/eating/authority and function (who to associate with)
• 4. Things - offered in sacrifice
• 5. Meals - grown, prepared, slaughtered, eaten & shared (eg Islam, Jewish)
• 6. Others - whoever, whatever can pollute by contact

EG: guests concerned with purity may only want to use towels once => direct impact on hotel and staff

• Verbal
• - vocab
• - grammar
• - sentence structure
• - sounds

• Non-verbal
• - body movement
• - facial expressions
• - physical space
• - touch
• - time orientation perception
• - speed
• - volume
• - posture

• anxiety
• assuming similarity instead of difference
• ethnocentrism (assuming your culture/background is superior)
• stereotypes
• prejudice
• racism

• A way of mentally organising what is familiar and unfamiliar so we can copare what we do not yet understand with what we already know
• Can be negative, positive or neutral
• Risk of assuming what applies to one applies to all
• The reality is that we are all individuals within our culture

• negative evaluation of other cultures based on the person's own culture
• belief that your way of doing things is right and preferable
• a form of superiority
• the reality is, we may have "different minds but similar problems"

• belief that all members of a race/cultural background exhibit the same characteristics, qualities, and abilities
• belief in superiority of one race over the other
• often related to a negative view of the other person or group

• Vocabulary equivalence
• Idiomatic equivalence
• Grammatical-synatical equivalence
• - differences in grammar/word order
• Experiential equivalence
• - objects or experiences may not exist in all cultures therefore may not have a word for it

• be aware
• select simple, specific, concrete words
• use the most common meaning of words
• avoid idioms, slang, jargon, buzzwords, and acronyms
• respect the basic rules of correct grammar
• be polite and formal
• accommodate: meet your communication partner halfway
• develop empathy and patience
• listen
• in a business environment: use several communication models